An- / A-

• Without, lack of Example: Anuria – The absence of urine production, often indicating kidney failure or severe dehydration, requiring immediate medical evaluation and treatment.

• Through, complete Example: Dialysis is a medical procedure that removes waste products and excess fluid from the blood when the kidneys can no longer function properly.

• Difficult, painful, or abnormal Example: Dysuria – Painful or difficult urination, often caused by urinary tract infections (UTIs), kidney stones, or other underlying conditions.

• Excessive, above normal Example: Hyperuricemia – Excessive levels of uric acid in the blood, which can lead to conditions such as gout or kidney stones if untreated.

• Below normal, deficient Example: Hyposthenuria – The excretion of excessively dilute urine due to the kidneys' inability to concentrate it properly, often associated with conditions like diabetes insipidus or chronic kidney disease.

• Many, excessive Example: Polyuria – Excessive urine output, commonly associated with conditions like diabetes mellitus or diabetes insipidus, often leading to dehydration if untreated.

• Night Example: Nocturia – Frequent urination at night, which can disrupt sleep and may result from conditions like overactive bladder, urinary tract infections, or heart failure.

• Few or scanty Example: Oliguria – Scanty urine output, often a sign of kidney dysfunction, dehydration, or shock, requiring urgent medical attention.

• Painful, abnormal, difficult, labored Example: Dyspepsia – Difficult or painful digestion, often referred to as indigestion, characterized by symptoms like bloating, nausea, or heartburn.

• Within, in Example: Endogastric – A term referring to something occurring within the stomach, such as an endogastric procedure that involves accessing the interior of the stomach for diagnostic or therapeutic purposes.

• Half Example: Hemigastrectomy – Surgical removal of half of the stomach, typically performed to treat severe ulcers or stomach cancer.

• Excessive or above normal Example: Hypergastrinemia – A condition involving excessive levels of gastrin (a digestive hormone) in the blood, which can lead to overproduction of stomach acid and conditions like Zollinger-Ellison syndrome.

• Below normal or deficient Example: Hypoglycemia – A condition characterized by abnormally low blood sugar levels, often causing symptoms like dizziness, weakness, and confusion, and requiring prompt treatment with glucose.

• Bad or poor Example: Malabsorption – Poor absorption of nutrients in the digestive tract, which can result from conditions like celiac disease, Crohn’s disease, or chronic pancreatitis, leading to malnutrition.

• Beside, near, or abnormal Example: Paracolitis – Inflammation occurring near or adjacent to the colon, often associated with diverticulitis or infections.

• Pertaining to Example: Celiac – Pertaining to the abdomen, often used in conditions like celiac disease, an autoimmune disorder where the ingestion of gluten damages the small intestine.

• Pertaining to Example: Colorectal – Pertaining to the colon and rectum, often used in the context of colorectal cancer or surgeries.

• Hernia, protrusion Example: Gastrocele – A hernia of the stomach, often resulting from a weakness in the diaphragm or abdominal wall.

• Surgical puncture to aspirate fluid Example: Paracentesis – A procedure involving the surgical puncture of the abdomen to remove excess fluid, commonly performed in cases of ascites.

• Pertaining to Example: Esophageal – Pertaining to the esophagus, such as in esophageal reflux, where stomach acid flows back into the esophagus.

• Excision Example: Appendectomy – Surgical removal of the appendix, often performed in cases of appendicitis.

• The record, radiographic image Example: Cholangiogram – A radiographic image of the bile ducts obtained using contrast material, often performed during Endoscopic Retrograde Cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) to assess blockages or other abnormalities in the bile ducts.

• Process of recording Example: Electrogastrography – The process of recording the electrical activity of the stomach to assess its motility and function, often used to diagnose conditions like gastroparesis or dyspepsia..

• Condition of, diseased state, abnormal state Example: Dyspepsia – A condition of impaired digestion, often characterized by bloating, discomfort, and nausea.

• Condition Example: Cholelithiasis – A condition involving the presence of gallstones in the gallbladder, which can cause pain and blockages.

• Pertaining to Example: Hepatic – Pertaining to the liver, as in hepatic function tests, which evaluate liver health.

• Inflammation Example: Gastritis – Inflammation of the stomach lining, often caused by infections, medications, or alcohol use.

• Specialist who studies and treats Example: Gastroenterologist – A specialist who diagnoses and treats disorders of the digestive system, including the stomach, intestines, and liver.

• Study of Example: Hepatology – The study of the liver, including diseases such as hepatitis and cirrhosis.

• Softening Example: Esophagomalacia – Softening of the esophageal walls, often caused by chronic acid reflux (GERD), prolonged inflammation, or structural weakness, which may lead to difficulty swallowing (dysphagia) or esophageal collapse.

• Enlargement Example: Hepatomegaly – Enlargement of the liver, which can occur in conditions like fatty liver disease or hepatitis.

• Tumor Example: Gastrinoma – A tumor that secretes gastrin, often associated with Zollinger-Ellison syndrome, leading to excessive stomach acid production.

Abnormal condition.

Example: Diverticulosis – A condition where small pouches form in the colon wall, which can become inflamed (diverticulitis).

• Disease

  Example: Gastropathy – A disease of the stomach, often referring to damage caused by chronic use of NSAIDs or alcohol.

• Eating or swallowing Example: Dysphagia – Difficulty swallowing, which can result from conditions affecting the esophagus or nervous system.

• Surgical repair

  Example: Pyloroplasty – Surgical repair or widening of the pyloric sphincter to improve the passage of food from the stomach to the small intestine.

•  Prolapse, drooping Example: Gastroptosis – Prolapse or downward displacement of the stomach, often caused by weakened abdominal muscles.

•  Suturing, repairing Example: Herniorrhaphy – Surgical repair of a hernia, often performed to reinforce the abdominal wall.

Flow, discharge

Example: Diarrhea – Frequent, watery bowel movements, often caused by infections, medications, or food intolerances.

Instrument used for visualization

Example: Colonoscope – An instrument used to visualize the interior of the colon during a colonoscopy.

• Process of viewing, visualization

  Example: Endoscopy – The process of visualizing the digestive tract using a flexible tube with a camera.

•  Creation of an artificial opening

  Example: Colostomy – A surgical procedure to create an opening from the colon to the abdominal surface for waste elimination.

• Incision, cut into

  Example: Laparotomy – A surgical incision into the abdominal cavity, often performed to diagnose or treat abdominal conditions.

• Pertaining to

  Example: Renal – Pertaining to the kidneys, as in renal function, which refers to how well the kidneys filter waste from the blood.

• Pertaining to

  Example: Urinary – Pertaining to urine or the urinary system, such as in urinary tract infection (UTI), which affects the kidneys, ureters, bladder, or urethra.

• Hernia, protrusion

  Example: Cystocele – A herniation of the bladder into the vaginal wall, often caused by weakened pelvic muscles.

•  In the blood

  Example: Uremia – A buildup of urea and other waste products in the blood due to kidney dysfunction, often requiring dialysis or kidney transplantation.

• Condition

  Example: Diuresis – A condition of increased or excessive production of urine, often induced by medications like diuretics.

•  Instrument used to record

  Example: Cystograph – An instrument used to record images of the bladder, often during a cystography procedure.

• Process of recording, radiographic imaging

  Example: Pyelography – The process of obtaining X-ray images of the renal pelvis and ureters, often using contrast dye.

• Abdomen, abdominal

  Example: Abdominoplasty – Surgical repair or reconstruction of the abdomen, often referred to as a "tummy tuck."

• Appendix

• Example: Appendicitis – Inflammation of the appendix, often causing abdominal pain and requiring surgical intervention.

Lip

 Gall, bile

example: Cholecystitis – Inflammation of the gallbladder, commonly caused by gallstones blocking the bile ducts

• Uvula

  Example: Uvulectomy – Surgical removal of the uvula, often performed to treat snoring or sleep apnea.

• Dryness

  Example: Xerostomia – Dryness of the mouth caused by reduced saliva production, often associated with certain medications or medical conditions.

• Albumin

  Example: Albuminuria – The presence of albumin (a type of protein) in the urine, often a sign of kidney damage or disease, such as nephrotic syndrome.

• Urea, nitrogen

  Example: Azotemia – An elevated level of urea and other nitrogenous waste products in the blood, typically resulting from kidney dysfunction.

• Developing cell, germ cell

  Example: Nephroblastoma – A cancerous tumor of the kidney that arises from immature kidney cells, also known as Wilms tumor, commonly found in children.

• Bladder, sac

  Example: Cystitis – Inflammation of the urinary bladder, often caused by bacterial infection, leading to frequent and painful urination.

• Glomerulus

  Example: Glomerulonephritis – Inflammation of the glomeruli, the tiny filtering units in the kidneys, which can lead to kidney dysfunction or failure.

• Sugar

  Example: Hyperglycosuria – Excess sugar in the urine, commonly associated with uncontrolled diabetes or kidney filtration issues.

• Water

  Example: Hydronephrosis – The swelling of a kidney due to a buildup of urine caused by obstruction in the urinary tract.

• Stone, calculus

  Example: Nephrolithiasis – The formation or presence of kidney stones, often causing severe pain and urinary obstruction.

• Kidney

  Example: Nephrectomy – Surgical removal of a kidney, often performed due to cancer, trauma, or severe infection.

Night

Example: Nocturnal Enuresis – Involuntary urination during sleep, commonly known as bedwetting. This condition is most often seen in children, but it can also occur in adults due to medical issues such as diabetes, bladder dysfunction, or neurological disorders.

• Pus

  Example: Pyuria – The presence of pus in the urine, indicating a urinary tract infection or kidney infection.

•  Renal pelvis

  Example: Pyelitis – Inflammation of the renal pelvis, often caused by bacterial infections ascending from the bladder.

Kidney

Example: Renal failure – The inability of the kidneys to filter waste products and balance fluids and electrolytes in the body

• urin/o: Urine, urinary tract

  Example: Urology – The branch of medicine focused on the study and treatment of urinary tract diseases and disorders.

•  Ureter

  Example: Ureteroplasty – Surgical repair of a ureter to correct blockages or structural abnormalities.

• Urethra

  Example: Urethritis – Inflammation of the urethra, often caused by bacterial infection or sexually transmitted infections.

• Bladder, sac

  Example: Vesicoureteral reflux – A condition where urine flows backward from the bladder into the ureters, increasing the risk of kidney infections and damage.

Peritoneum

Example: Peritonitis – Inflammation of the peritoneum, the membrane lining the abdominal cavity, often caused by infection or perforation.

BMI = Body Mass Index

• A measurement of body fat based on height and weight, used to assess whether an individual is underweight, normal weight, overweight, or obese.

EGD = Esophagogastroduodenoscopy

• A diagnostic procedure in which a flexible endoscope is used to examine the esophagus, stomach, and upper part of the small intestine (duodenum).

FTT = Failure to Thrive

• A condition in infants or children characterized by insufficient weight gain or growth, often caused by inadequate nutrition or underlying medical conditions.

GERD = Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease

• A chronic condition in which stomach acid or bile flows back into the esophagus, causing symptoms such as heartburn, regurgitation, and difficulty swallowing.

GI = Gastrointestinal

• Referring to the digestive system, which includes the stomach, intestines, and associated organs involved in digestion and nutrient absorption.

IH = Inguinal Hernia

• A condition in which a portion of the intestine or abdominal tissue protrudes through a weak spot in the inguinal canal, causing a bulge in the groin.

IBD = Inflammatory Bowel Disease

• A group of chronic inflammatory conditions affecting the gastrointestinal tract, primarily including Crohn’s disease and ulcerative colitis.

IBS = Irritable Bowel Syndrome

• A common functional gastrointestinal disorder characterized by symptoms such as abdominal pain, bloating, and altered bowel habits (constipation, diarrhea, or both).

NG Tube = Nasogastric Tube

• A tube inserted through the nose into the stomach, used for feeding, administering medications, or draining stomach contents.

NAFLD = Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease

• A condition characterized by excess fat accumulation in the liver not caused by alcohol consumption, often associated with obesity, diabetes, and metabolic syndrome.

PUD = Peptic Ulcer Disease

• A condition characterized by open sores or ulcers in the lining of the stomach or duodenum, often caused by Helicobacter pylori infection or the use of NSAIDs.

PN = Parenteral Nutrition

• A method of providing nutrition intravenously, bypassing the digestive tract, often used in patients with severe gastrointestinal conditions or after surgery.

UC = Ulcerative Colitis

• A form of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) that causes chronic inflammation and ulcers in the colon and rectum, leading to symptoms such as diarrhea, abdominal pain, and rectal bleeding.

Brunner’s Glands

Crohn’s Disease

• Named After: Burrill Crohn, an American gastroenterologist.
• A chronic inflammatory condition of the gastrointestinal tract, often affecting the ileum and colon. Symptoms include abdominal pain, diarrhea, weight loss, and malnutrition. It is a type of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD).

Gilbert’s Syndrome

• Named After: Augustin Nicolas Gilbert, a French physician.
• A hereditary liver disorder resulting in mildly elevated bilirubin levels, typically without significant symptoms. It is often detected incidentally during routine blood tests and is usually benign.

Whipple Procedure

• Named After: Allen Whipple, an American surgeon.