Term
|
Definition
| Master gland; has regulatory effects on other endocrine glands |
|
|
Term
| Anterior lobe(adenohypophysis) |
|
Definition
| Influences growth and sexual development, thyroid function, adrenocortical function; regulates skin pigmentation |
|
|
Term
| Posterior lobe(neurohypophysis) |
|
Definition
| Stimulates the reabsorption of water and elevates blood pressure; stimulates the uterus to contract during labor, delivery, and parturition; stimulates the release of milk during suckling |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Helps regulate the release of gonadotropin and controls body pigmentation |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Plays vital role in metabolism; regulates the body’s metabolic processes; influences bone and calcium metabolism; helps maintain plasma calcium homeostasis |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Maintains normal serum calcium level; plays a role in the metabolism of phosphorus |
|
|
Term
| Pancreas (islets of Langerhans) |
|
Definition
| Regulates blood glucose levels; plays a vital role in metabolism of carbohydrates, proteins, and fats |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Regulates carbohydrate metabolism, anti-inflammatory effect; helps body cope during stress; regulates electrolyte and water balance; promotes development of male characteristics |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Synthesizes, secretes, and stores catecholamines (dopamine, epinephrine, norepinephrine) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Promote growth, development, and maintenance of female sex organs |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Promote growth, development, and maintenance of male sex organs |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Master gland; has regulatory effects on other endocrine glands |
|
|
Term
| Anterior lobe(adenohypophysis) |
|
Definition
| Influences growth and sexual development, thyroid function, adrenocortical function; regulates skin pigmentation |
|
|
Term
| Posterior lobe(neurohypophysis) |
|
Definition
| Stimulates the reabsorption of water and elevates blood pressure; stimulates the uterus to contract during labor, delivery, and parturition; stimulates the release of milk during suckling |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Helps regulate the release of gonadotropin and controls body pigmentation |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Plays vital role in metabolism; regulates the body’s metabolic processes; influences bone and calcium metabolism; helps maintain plasma calcium homeostasis |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Maintains normal serum calcium level; plays a role in the metabolism of phosphorus |
|
|
Term
| Pancreas (islets of Langerhans) |
|
Definition
| Regulates blood glucose levels; plays a vital role in metabolism of carbohydrates, proteins, and fats |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Regulates carbohydrate metabolism, anti-inflammatory effect; helps body cope during stress; regulates electrolyte and water balance; promotes development of male characteristics |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Synthesizes, secretes, and stores catecholamines (dopamine, epinephrine, norepinephrine) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Promote growth, development, and maintenance of female sex organs |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Promote growth, development, and maintenance of male sex organs |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Increase metabolic rate, cardiac output, oxygen consumption, body temperature, respiratory rate, blood volume, and carbohydrate, fat, and protein metabolism; influence growth and development at cellular level. Thyroid hormones are used as supplements or replacement therapy in hypothyroidism, myxedema, and cretinism. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Inhibit the synthesis of thyroid hormones by decreasing iodine use in manufacture of thyroglobin and iodothyronine; do not inactivate or inhibit thyroxine or triiodothyronine. They are used in the treatment of hyperthyroidism. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Stimulates carbohydrate metabolism by increasing the movement of glucose and other monosaccharides into cells. It also influences fat and carbohydrate metabolism in the liver and adipose cells. It decreases blood sugar, phosphate, and potassium, and increases blood pyruvate and lactate. Insulin is used to treat insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (IDDM) type 1, non–insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM) type 2 when other regimens are not effective, and to treat diabetic ketoacidosis, a complication of diabetes that occurs when the body cannot use sugar (glucose) as a fuel source because the body has no insulin or not enough insulin, and fat is used instead. By-products of fat breakdown, called ketones, build up in the body. |
|
|
Term
| insulin preparations for injection |
|
Definition
| Insulin is given by subcutaneous injection and is available in various forms such as rapid-acting, intermediate-acting, and long-acting preparations. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| examples: Novolin R and Humalog |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| examples: Novolin N and Humulin N |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Stimulate insulin secretion from pancreatic cells in noninsulin-dependent diabetics with some pancreatic function. They are agents of the sulfonylurea class. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Cause an increase in blood glucose of diabetic patients with severe hypoglycemia (insulin shock). In patients with mild hypoglycemia, the administration of an oral carbohydrate such as orange juice, candy, or a lump of sugar generally corrects the condition. If comatose, the patient is given dextrose solution IV. For management of severe hypoglycemia, the following agents may be used. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Test performed on urine to determine the amount of epinephrine and norepinephrine present. These adrenal hormones increase in times of stress. |
|
|
Term
| corticotropin, corticotropin-releasing factor |
|
Definition
| Test performed on blood plasma to determine the amount of corticotropin present. Increased levels can indicate stress, adrenal cortical hypofunction, and/or pituitary tumors. Decreasedcorticotropin-releasing factor (CRF) levels can indicate adrenal neoplasms and/or Cushing syndrome. |
|
|
Term
| fasting blood sugar (FBS) |
|
Definition
| Test performed on blood to determine the level of sugar in the bloodstream. It is done after fasting 8–12 hrs (NPO after midnight) and should be performed the next morning. A FBS of 100–125 mg/dL indicates prediabetes. A FBS of 126 mg/dL indicates diabetes mellitus. Also referred to asfasting blood glucose (FBG). |
|
|
Term
| glucose tolerance test (GTT) |
|
Definition
| Blood sugar test performed at specified intervals after the patient has been given a significant amount of glucose. Blood samples are drawn, and the glucose level of each sample is measured. It is more accurate than other blood sugar tests and is used to diagnose diabetes mellitus. A GTT of 140–199 mg/dL indicates prediabetes. A GTT at 200 mg/dL or higher indicates diabetes mellitus. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The Hb A1C test is a blood test used to diagnose diabetes, to identify people at risk of developing diabetes, and to monitor how well blood sugar levels are being controlled by the diabetic patient. For someone who doesn’t have diabetes, a normal A1C level can range from 4.5% to 6%. An A1C level of 6.5% or higher on two separate tests indicates diabetes. A result between 5.7% and 6.4% is considered prediabetes, which indicates a high risk of developing diabetes. For most people who have previously diagnosed diabetes, an A1C level of 7% or less is a common treatment target. |
|
|
Term
| 17-hydroxycorticosteroids (17-OHCS) |
|
Definition
| Test performed on urine to identify adrenocorticosteroid hormones and to determine adrenal cortical function. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Increase metabolic rate, cardiac output, oxygen consumption, body temperature, respiratory rate, blood volume, and carbohydrate, fat, and protein metabolism; influence growth and development at cellular level. Thyroid hormones are used as supplements or replacement therapy in hypothyroidism, myxedema, and cretinism. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Inhibit the synthesis of thyroid hormones by decreasing iodine use in manufacture of thyroglobin and iodothyronine; do not inactivate or inhibit thyroxine or triiodothyronine. They are used in the treatment of hyperthyroidism. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Stimulates carbohydrate metabolism by increasing the movement of glucose and other monosaccharides into cells. It also influences fat and carbohydrate metabolism in the liver and adipose cells. It decreases blood sugar, phosphate, and potassium, and increases blood pyruvate and lactate. Insulin is used to treat insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (IDDM) type 1, non–insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM) type 2 when other regimens are not effective, and to treat diabetic ketoacidosis, a complication of diabetes that occurs when the body cannot use sugar (glucose) as a fuel source because the body has no insulin or not enough insulin, and fat is used instead. By-products of fat breakdown, called ketones, build up in the body. |
|
|
Term
| insulin preparations for injection |
|
Definition
| Insulin is given by subcutaneous injection and is available in various forms such as rapid-acting, intermediate-acting, and long-acting preparations. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| examples: Novolin R and Humalog |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| examples: Novolin N and Humulin N |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Stimulate insulin secretion from pancreatic cells in noninsulin-dependent diabetics with some pancreatic function. They are agents of the sulfonylurea class. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Cause an increase in blood glucose of diabetic patients with severe hypoglycemia (insulin shock). In patients with mild hypoglycemia, the administration of an oral carbohydrate such as orange juice, candy, or a lump of sugar generally corrects the condition. If comatose, the patient is given dextrose solution IV. For management of severe hypoglycemia, the following agents may be used. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Test performed on urine to determine the amount of epinephrine and norepinephrine present. These adrenal hormones increase in times of stress. |
|
|
Term
| corticotropin, corticotropin-releasing factor |
|
Definition
| Test performed on blood plasma to determine the amount of corticotropin present. Increased levels can indicate stress, adrenal cortical hypofunction, and/or pituitary tumors. Decreasedcorticotropin-releasing factor (CRF) levels can indicate adrenal neoplasms and/or Cushing syndrome. |
|
|
Term
| fasting blood sugar (FBS) |
|
Definition
| Test performed on blood to determine the level of sugar in the bloodstream. It is done after fasting 8–12 hrs (NPO after midnight) and should be performed the next morning. A FBS of 100–125 mg/dL indicates prediabetes. A FBS of 126 mg/dL indicates diabetes mellitus. Also referred to asfasting blood glucose (FBG). |
|
|
Term
| glucose tolerance test (GTT) |
|
Definition
| Blood sugar test performed at specified intervals after the patient has been given a significant amount of glucose. Blood samples are drawn, and the glucose level of each sample is measured. It is more accurate than other blood sugar tests and is used to diagnose diabetes mellitus. A GTT of 140–199 mg/dL indicates prediabetes. A GTT at 200 mg/dL or higher indicates diabetes mellitus. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The Hb A1C test is a blood test used to diagnose diabetes, to identify people at risk of developing diabetes, and to monitor how well blood sugar levels are being controlled by the diabetic patient. For someone who doesn’t have diabetes, a normal A1C level can range from 4.5% to 6%. An A1C level of 6.5% or higher on two separate tests indicates diabetes. A result between 5.7% and 6.4% is considered prediabetes, which indicates a high risk of developing diabetes. For most people who have previously diagnosed diabetes, an A1C level of 7% or less is a common treatment target. |
|
|
Term
| 17-hydroxycorticosteroids (17-OHCS) |
|
Definition
| Test performed on urine to identify adrenocorticosteroid hormones and to determine adrenal cortical function. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Test performed on urine to determine the amount of 17-KS present, the end product of androgens that are secreted from the adrenal glands and testes. It is used to diagnose adrenal tumors. |
|
|
Term
| protein-bound iodine (PBI) |
|
Definition
| Test performed on serum to indicate the amount of iodine that is attached to serum protein. It can be used to indicate thyroid function. |
|
|
Term
| radioactive iodine uptake (RAIU) |
|
Definition
| Test to measure the ability of the thyroid gland to concentrate ingested iodine. Increased level can indicate hyperthyroidism, cirrhosis, and/or thyroiditis. Decreased level can indicate hypothyroidism. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Standard assay method used to measure minute quantities of specific antibodies and/or antigens. It can be used for clinical laboratory measurements of hormones, therapeutic drug monitoring, and substance abuse screening. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Test to detect tumors of the thyroid gland. The patient is given radioactive iodine 131, which localizes in the thyroid gland, which is then visualized with a scanner device. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Test performed on blood serum to determine the amount of thyroxine present. Increased levels can indicate hyperthyroidism; decreased levels can indicate hypothyroidism. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Test performed on blood serum to determine the amount of calcium present. Increased levels can indicate hyperparathyroidism; decreased levels can indicate hypoparathyroidism. |
|
|
Term
| triiodothyronine uptake (T3U) |
|
Definition
| Test performed on blood serum to determine the amount of triiodothyronine present. Increased levels can indicate thyrotoxicosis, toxic adenoma, and/or Hashimoto thyroiditis. Decreased levels can indicate starvation, severe infection, and severe trauma. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Use of high-frequency sound waves as a screening test or as a diagnostic tool to visualize the structure being studied; can be used to visualize the pancreas, thyroid, and any other gland |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| 17-hydroxycorticosteroids |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| adrenocorticotropic hormone |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| corticotropin-releasing factor |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| follicle-stimulating hormone |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| growth hormone–releasing factor |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| gonadotropin-releasing factor |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| melanocyte–stimulating hormone release-inhibiting factor |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| melanocyte-stimulating hormone–releasing factor |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| melanocyte-stimulating hormone |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| non–insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| prolactin release-inhibiting factor |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| prolactin-releasing factor |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| parathyroid (parathormone hormone) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| radioactive iodine uptake |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| thyrotropin-releasing hormone |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| thyroid-stimulating hormone |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
