Term
| Medical specialty concerned with the study of x-rays |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Does radiology include diagnosis and treatment? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| uses radioactive substances that emit radiation to Dx disease |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the 3 categories of Radiology? |
|
Definition
| X-rays, Ultrasounds, Magnetic and Radio Waves |
|
|
Term
| What are the 4 categories of x-rays? |
|
Definition
| Contrast studies, computed tomography (CT Scans), Fluoroscopy, Conventional X-ray studies |
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|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Category of Magnetic and Radio Waves |
|
Definition
| Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) |
|
|
Term
| Used to detect pathologic condition, including arthritis, fractures, cavities of the teeth |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are two advantages of digital radiography? What's an example? |
|
Definition
Uses computer to create a digital image
Less radiation
Ex. Mammography |
|
|
Term
| Uses Xray and computer to create cross-sectional images (slices) of specific body image |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Useful in detecting disease of bony structures & internal organs and in diagnosing brain tumors, heart disease, spinal cord lesions |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Do CT's use contrast medium? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Three examples of contrast studies |
|
Definition
Upper GI Series (UGI)
Upper GI with Small Bowel Follow-Through
Barium Enema |
|
|
Term
| involves patient swallowing barium followed by X-rays of esophagus, stomach and/or duodenum |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| includes upper GI and Xrays of the remaining small intestines |
|
Definition
| Upper GI with Small Bowel Follow-Through |
|
|
Term
| involves the study of the large intestine following a barium enema |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| general term used when contrast media is used with Xray to create image of blood vessels |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| 2 ways angiography is used |
|
Definition
Diagnosing blockage caused by atherosclerosis.
Guiding minimally invasive surgery of blood vessels of the heart. |
|
|
Term
| injection of contrast media into joint (knee, shoulder) followed by Xray |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Xray of bronchial tree after injection of contrast media |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Xray of bile ducts and gallbladder; includes various types |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| 3 examples of cholangiography |
|
Definition
| percutaneous transhepatic cholangiogram, intravenous cholangiogram, endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography. |
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|
Term
| X-ray image of contract injected blood vessels is produced by taking two x-ray pictures (the first without contrast) and using a computer to eliminate obscuring shadows from the second image |
|
Definition
| Digital Subtraction Angiography |
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|
Term
| X-ray record of the endometrial cavity and fallopian tubes is obtained after injection of contrast material through the vagina and into the endocervical canal |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| X-ray imaging of the spinal cord after injection of contrast agent into the subarachnoid space surrounding the spinal cord |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| X-ray imaging of the renal pelvis and urinary tract |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are side effects of contrast media? |
|
Definition
| flushing, nausea, warmth or tingling sensation |
|
|
Term
| Therapeutic/diagnostic procedures performed by radiologist while pt is undergoing fluoroscopy (real-time pics) or ultrasound |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| 5 uses of interventional radiology |
|
Definition
| Used for placement of drainage catheters, marking abnormal cells with pens, occlusion of bleeding vessels, biopsies, chemotherapy administration |
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|
Term
| Xray procedure using a fluorescent screen instead of the photographic plate to create the image |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the 2 advantages of fluoroscopy? |
|
Definition
| internal organs can be viewed in motion and the patient’s position can be changed constantly to get the best image. |
|
|
Term
| What's one of the main purposes of angiography |
|
Definition
| Guide minimally invasive surgery of blood vessels of the heart. |
|
|
Term
| What does PTCA stand for? |
|
Definition
| Percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Catheter with deflated balloon tip is inserted through femoral artery
Catheter is threaded through stenosed artery
Balloon is inflated and deflated several times to push atheromatous deposits against wall of artery. |
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|
Term
| Tiny mesh-like tubes made from plastic or wire placed permanently inside blood vessel or other pathway to hold it open after angioplasty |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| High frequency sound waves that bounce off body structures; the resulting echo wave creates an image of the structure |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the record produced from an ultrasound called? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| 3 examples of uses of ultrasound |
|
Definition
| intracranial and ophthalmic lesions, heart and valve disorders (echocardiography), abdominal masses and to asses fetal growth and development |
|
|
Term
| Uses electromagnetic energy to create sagital, frontal and cross-sectional images |
|
Definition
| Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) |
|
|
Term
| Describe MRI's relationship to x-rays and contrast media |
|
Definition
| Does not use Xray and does not require a contrast media |
|
|
Term
| What areas is the MRI useful for studying |
|
Definition
| studying soft tissues, detecting edema in brain, visualizing the spinal cord, abdomen and chest |
|
|
Term
| view (film) is from front to back |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| view is from side to side |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| view is at an angle & shows structures that may not be visible from AP or PA views. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| medical specialty that studies & uses radioactive drugs to diagnose & treat disease |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How many different nuclear medicine procedures for every organ system? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| 2 parts of Radiopharmaceuticals. Define Each |
|
Definition
1) Radionuclide: radioactive part that is detectable in body by a device called a scintillation camera
2. Pharmaceutical: chemical portion of drug that concentrates in particular organ or cell |
|
|
Term
| How are radiopharmaceuticals administered? |
|
Definition
| Administered intravenously, orally or by inhalation. |
|
|
Term
| Break apart the term technetium-99m medronate into its components and explain each |
|
Definition
Radionuclide: technetium-99m or Tc-99m
Pharmaceutical: medronate; compound that concentrates in the bones |
|
|
Term
| procedures that involve the anlaysis of blood or urine; performed outside of body using a radiopharmaceutical |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| 3 examples of in vitro studies |
|
Definition
| radioimmuno- assay (RIA) to detect hormones, drugs, or antibodies. |
|
|
Term
| procedures that trace amount of radioactive substances from within body |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| _____________ is used to detect the radiation in the body. |
|
Definition
| scintiscanner (scintillation camera) |
|
|
Term
| radiation detector used to image the radio pharmaceutical that is emitted from the body organ/cell. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| 3 advantages of nuclear medicine |
|
Definition
Demonstrates not only structure, but function; the function can be quantitated (i.e. assign a numerical value to the physiologic function indicating the degree of function).
Abnormalities are usually detected earlier
Pathology that cannot be visualized by other diagnostic methods may be detected via nuclear medicine. |
|
|
Term
| 4 types of nuclear scans. |
|
Definition
Bone Scan
MUGA Scan
PET Scan
Thallium Scan |
|
|
Term
| nuclear scan that detects infections, cancers |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| nuclear scan that illustrates the function/ motion of the heart ventricles |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| nuclear scan that produces cross sectional images |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| nuclear scan that is used to asses the perfusion of the myocardium |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Components of Digestive System |
|
Definition
| GI Tract and Accessory Organs |
|
|
Term
| 4 main functions of digestive system |
|
Definition
| Absorption, Ingestion, Digestion, Elimination |
|
|
Term
| Moistening food to form bolus |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Parotid, Submandibular, Sublingual |
|
|
Term
| Only compound absorbed in mouth |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Food in the stomach is referred to as what? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Food in the large intestines is referred to as what? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Look at slide 6 Chapter 5 |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Where gases rise up to in the stomach |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Esophageal Sphincter/Cardiac Sphincter |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What breaks down fats? Where does this occur? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Abnormal accumulation of fluid in the abdomen |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Rumbling or gurgling noises produced by the movement of gas, fluid, or both in the gastrointestinal duct |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Difficulty in passing stools |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Frequent passage of loose, watery stools |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Gas expelled from the stomach through the mouth |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Gas expelled through the anus |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Black, tarry stools; feces containing digested blood |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Open sore in the lining of the stomach or duodenum |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Chronic inflammation of the intestinal tract |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Abnormal outpouchings in the intestinal wall of the colon. Trapping fecal matter and maybe causing infection/pain |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Painful inflammation of the intestines commonly caused by bacterial infection |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| loss of peristalsis with resulting obstruction of the intestines |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Telescoping of the intestines |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Group of GI symptoms but without defined abnormalities |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Chronic inflammation of the colon with presence of ulcers |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Twisting of the intestine on itself |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the 3 sources of hyperbilirubinemia |
|
Definition
Increased hemolysis
Hepatocyte Dysfunction (liver disease)
Obstruction of Bile Flow |
|
|
Term
Causes fluid filled blisters (fever blisters, cold sores)
Highly contagious, no cure |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| White patches, precancerous |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Failure of esophageal sphincter to relax, causing the esophagus to dilate |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Causes Renal calculi (singular is calculus) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Treatment for Nephrolithiasis |
|
Definition
| forced fluids, lithotripsy or surgery |
|
|
Term
| the crushing of calculi via extracorporeal ultrasound (shock waves) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What composes renal calculi? |
|
Definition
| uric acid or calcium salts |
|
|
Term
| Etiology of renal calculi? |
|
Definition
| may be idiopathic or may be hyperuricemia or hypercalcemia |
|
|
Term
| What diagnostic procedure determines nephrolithiasis |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| symptoms include proteinuria, edema, hypoalbuminemia, hypercholesterolemia, and susceptibility to infection |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Etiology includes post glomerulonephritis, toxins and/or drugs, diabetes, cancers, and other. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Inherited disorder characterized by multiple fluid filled sacs in the kidney |
|
Definition
| Polycystic Kidney Disease |
|
|
Term
| How long are PKD patients asymptomatic? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Cysts progressively develop causing nephromegaly, hematuria (from the cysts rupturing), UTIs, hypertension and uremia. |
|
Definition
| Polycystic Kidney Disease |
|
|
Term
| Infection of kidney (mainly pelvis) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Characterized by pus formation resulting in abscesses |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Treatment for pyelonephritis? |
|
Definition
| Antibiotics & sometimes surgery |
|
|
Term
| Occurs when Waste (urea, creatinine, uric acid) is not eliminated |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| 3 variances in renal failure |
|
Definition
Acute vs. chronic
Reversible vs. irreversible
Progressive, mild or severe |
|
|
Term
| What is the diagnosis based on for renal failure? |
|
Definition
| Dx based on creatinine clearance |
|
|
Term
| Sudden and severe drop in blood pressure (shock) or interruption of blood flow to the kidneys from severe injury or illness |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Direct damage to the kidneys by inflammation, toxins, drugs, infection, reduced blood supply |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Sudden obstruction of urine flow due to enlarged prostate, kidney stones, bladder tumor, or injury |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Hemodialysis uses ______________ to circulate blood from pt to artificial kidney |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Occurs when temporary or patient usually has some kidney function |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Uses catheter inserted into peritoneal cavity |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Two types of peritoneal dialysis |
|
Definition
| Continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis Continuous cycling peritoneal dialysis |
|
|
Term
| inflammation of connective tissue that lies between the renal tubules |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| malignant tumor of the kidney occurring in childhood |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| opening at the most distal end of the urinary tract (where urine flows out) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What 3 body parts use peristalsis to actively transport substances? |
|
Definition
| Ureters, Esophagus, Fallopian Tubes |
|
|
Term
| outer shell of Kidney that is dense (where urine formation occurs) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| softer looking structure of kidney (due to collecting ducts) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| most proximal part of the ureter (like a funnel) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What's a sign of concentrated urine? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Specific gravity of urine is a measure of what? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| pertaining to outside the body |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Differentiate between sign and symptom |
|
Definition
Sign- objective things that can be detected
Symptom- subjective things |
|
|
Term
| What is pyelonephritis? What is it caused by? |
|
Definition
| A bacterial infection caused by staphylococci |
|
|
Term
| Important component of kidney transplantation to keep recipient safe |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Bland diet and stretching of sphincter |
|
|
Term
| Swollen contorted veins in the esophagus, often associated with liver disease |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What does GERD's stand for? |
|
Definition
| Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease |
|
|
Term
| What two things does Gerds lead to? |
|
Definition
| Esophagitis and potential scarring |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Acid suppression, increase muscle tone via medications |
|
|
Term
| Open sore in the lining of stomach or duodenum |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the risks of peptic ulcers? |
|
Definition
| Hemorrhage and perforation |
|
|
Term
| Treatment for peptic ulcers? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| abnormal tube-like structure |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Benign growths protruding from mucus membrane of colon; may be pre-cancerous |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Abnormal outpouching of intestinal wall that traps fecal matter and may cause infection, pain and bleeding |
|
Definition
| Diverticula/Diverticulosis |
|
|
Term
| painful, bleeding, inflamed intestines; caused by bacterial infection in contaminated food or water |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| swollen/dilated, twisted veins in the rectal area; can be internal or external; pregnancy, obesity, chronic constipation, etc. increase risk |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Characterized by severe, cramping pain, abdominal distention, secretions still produced, unrelenting vomiting with UGI and inability to pass gas or stool with LGI |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| 3 Types of Intestinal Obstructions? Give the subtype of each |
|
Definition
Paralytic Ileus (physiological)
Intussusception (mechanical)
Volvulus (mechanical) |
|
|
Term
| loss of peristalsis in the ileum |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Intestines telescope one end to another
Occurs frequently in children; rare in adults |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| happens when one portion of the bowel slides into the next |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Twisting of the intestines on itself |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Chronic degenerative disease of liver |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What happens during cirrhosis |
|
Definition
| Hepatic cells degenerate & become covered with fibrous tissues (scarring); liver infiltrated with fat |
|
|
Term
| Symptoms of this disease include Fatigue, malaise, anorexia, bleeding/ bruising, alterations in mental status, etc |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| contents of GI tract opening into abdominal cavity |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Differentiate between sessile and peduncilated |
|
Definition
Sessile- grow out of wall
Peduncilated- stalk |
|
|
Term
| Differentiate between polyps and diverticula |
|
Definition
Polyps grow inward
Diverticula grow outward |
|
|
Term
| What does an adhesion refer to? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Transmitted by fecal—oral route, usually resolves itself |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Differentiate between preicteric and icteric |
|
Definition
Preicteric- malaise
Icteric Phase- jaundice |
|
|
Term
| Transmitted via blood products, needles, & other inoculation devices; sexual activities; family members; mother /infant |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which type of hepatitis are preicteric and icteric in? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Hep B vaccine that also prevents Hep D |
|
|
Term
| What happens during Hep B |
|
Definition
| Liver enzymes increase causing more bilirubin leading to jaundice |
|
|
Term
| Difference between Hep B and C |
|
Definition
| 50-70% become chronic hepatitis, C is significantly more serious |
|
|
Term
| Main function of urinary system? |
|
Definition
| Rid body of nitrogenous wastes |
|
|
Term
| Three types of nitrogenous wastes*** |
|
Definition
| urea, creatinine, and uric acid. |
|
|
Term
| Three types of electrolytes |
|
Definition
| sodium, potassium, chloride |
|
|
Term
| Urinary system maintains the balance of what three things in the body fluids |
|
Definition
| water, electrolytes and acids |
|
|
Term
| important in maintaining normal blood pressure |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| stimulates red bone marrow to produce erythrocytes |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Two main things urinary system secretes |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Three steps in formation of urine |
|
Definition
Glomerular Filtration
Tubular Reabsorption
Tubular Secretion |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| 9 components of urinalysis |
|
Definition
| Color, Appearance, pH, protein level, glucose, specific gravity, ketone bodies, PKU test, Bilirubin |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Relationship between protein and urinalysis |
|
Definition
| Protein should be undetected |
|
|
Term
| Relationship between glucose and urinalysis |
|
Definition
| Glucose should be negative |
|
|
Term
| normally negative in urine, unless rigid diet, malnourished or diabetes |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| presence indicates enzyme is missing & can lead to mental deficiencies |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| negative in urinalysis, present in gallbladder or liver disease or rapid hemolysis |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What happens in severe allergic reactions to contrast media? |
|
Definition
| (Anaphylaxis) airway spasm, hives, laryngeal edema, vasodilation leading to decreased blood pressure, and tachycardia |
|
|
Term
| What is radiofrequency ablation? |
|
Definition
| procedure performed by interventional radiologists to destroy tumors and tissues |
|
|
Term
| 3 reasons a radiologist may request a CT? |
|
Definition
Bones
Chest Lesions and pneumonia
Bleeding in the brain from head trauma and ruptured arteries |
|
|
Term
| 4 reasons a radiologist may request an MRI? |
|
Definition
Spinal cord and Brain Tumors
Joints, tendons, and ligaments
Liver masses
Head and neck lesions |
|
|
Term
| Most common contrast agent for an MRI? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| lying on the belly (face down) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Lying down (may be prone or supine) |
|
|
Term
| Two types of nuclear medicine tests? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| 7 reasons to perform a nuclear medicine test |
|
Definition
Diagnose coronary artery disease
Measure kidney function
Identify the spread of cancer or evaluate cancer therapy
Identify a stress fracture
Diagnose a blood clot in the lung
Treat an overactive thyroid gland
Diagnosing CVA, Alzheimer's |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Control openings into and leading out of certain organs |
|
|
Term
| Which sphincter moves food into the stomach? |
|
Definition
| Lower Esophogeal Sphincter |
|
|
Term
| Allows food to leave the stomach and enter the small intestine when it is ready |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the three parts of the small intestine? (In order from first to last in regards to food processing) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Three main parts of large intestine? (In order from first to last in regards to food processing) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| lies in the middle of the intestines, is a membrane that attaches to the intestines to the muscle wall at the back of the abdomen |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What type of specialist specializes in gum disease? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What type of specialist performs root canal therapy? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| 4 main functions of the kidney |
|
Definition
Remove nitrogenous wastes
Balance water and electrolytes
Release Hormones
Degrade and Eliminate Hormones |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is a nephrolithotomy? |
|
Definition
| Incision of the kidney to remove a stone |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Abnormal narrowing of an opening or passageway |
|
|
Term
| What is the vesicoureteral reflux? |
|
Definition
| Pertaining to the bladder to ureter reflux |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| condition of being in urine (Bed-wetting) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Condition of complete urine? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| induce increased excretion of urine |
|
|
Term
| What connects the stomach to the duodenum? |
|
Definition
|
|
