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| orange-yellow pigment formed during destruction of erythrocytes that is taken up by liver cells to form bilirubin and eventually excreted in the feces |
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| mass of masticated food ready to be swallowed |
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| gland that secretes its products through exretory ducts to the surface of an organ or tissue into a vessel |
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| circular band of muscle fibers that constricts a passage or closes a natural opening of the body |
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| organic compound, a true fat, that is made of one glycerol and three fatty acids |
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| duodenum (first part of the small intestine) |
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| intestine (usually small intestine) |
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| jejunum (second part of the small intestine) |
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| ileum (third part of the small intestine) |
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| lack or loss of appetite, resulting in the inability to eat |
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| inflammation of the appendix, usually due to obstruction or infection |
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| abnormal accumulation of fluid in the abdominl cavity most commonly as a result of chronic liver disease |
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| rumbling or gurgling noises that are audible at a distance and caused by passage of gas through the liquid contents of the intestine |
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| physical wasting that includes loss of weight and muscle mass and is commonly associated with AIDS and cancer |
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| presence or formation of gallstones in the gallbladder or common bile ducts |
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| scarring and dysfunction of the liver caused by chronic liver disease |
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| spasm in any hollow or tubular soft organ, especially in the colon, accompanied by pain |
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| form of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), usually of the ileum but possibly affecting any portion of the intestinal tract; also called regional enteritis |
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| inflammation of the intestine, especially the colon, that may be caused by ingesting water or food containing chemical irritants, bacteria, protozoa, or parasites and results in bloody diarrhea |
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| inability or difficulty in swallowing; also called aphagia |
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| producing gas from the stomach, usualy with a characteristic sound; also called belching |
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| gas in teh GI tract; expelling of air from a body orifice, especially the anus |
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| gastroesopageal reflux disease (GERD) |
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| backflow of gastric contents into the esophagus due to a malfunction of sphincter muscle at the inferior portion of the esophagus |
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| vomiting of blood from bleeding the stomach or esophagus |
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| irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) |
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| symptom comlpex marked by abdominal pain and altered bowl function (typically constipation, diarrhea, or alternating constipation and diarrhea) for which no organic cause can be determined; also called spastic colon |
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| symptom comlex of the small intestine characterized by the impaired passage of nutrients, minerals, or fluids through intestinal villi into the blood or lymph |
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| passage of dark-colored, tarry stools, due to the presence of blood altered by intestinal juices |
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| excessive accumulation of fat that exceeds the body's skeletal and physical standards, usually an increase of 20 percent or more above ideal body weight |
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| body mass index (BMI) of 40 or greater, which is generally 100 ounds or more over ideal body weight |
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| severe constipation, which may be caused by an intestinal obstruction |
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| formation of white spots or patches on the mucous membrane of the tongue, lips, or cheek caused primarily by irritation |
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| progressive, wavelike movement that occurs involuntarily in hollow tubes of the body, especially the GI tract |
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| stricture or narrowing of the pyloric sphincter (circular muscle of the pylorus) at the outlet of the stomach, causing an obstruction that blocks the flow of food into the small intestine |
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| backward flowing, as in the return of solids or fluids to the mouth from the stomach |
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| passage of fat in large amounts in the feces due to failure to digest and absorb it |
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| insertion of a nasogastric tube through the nose into the stomach to relieve gastric distention by removing gas, food, or gastric secretions; instill medication, food, or fluids; or obtain a specimen for laboratory analysis |
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| surgical joining of two ducts, vessels, or bowel segments to allow flow from one to another |
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| surgical connection of the ileum and rectum after total colectomy, as is sometimes performed in the treatment or ilcerative colitis |
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| surgical connection of two portions of the intestines; also called enteroenterostomy |
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| group of procedures tat treat morbid obesity and the resultant health problems |
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| vertical banded gastroplasty |
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| bariatric surgery that involves verical stapling of the upper stomach near the esophagus to reduce it to a small pouch and insertion of a band that restricts food consumption and delas its passage from the pouch, causing a feeling of fullness |
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| Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (RGB) |
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| bariatric surgery that involves stapling the stomach to decrease its size and then shortening the jejunum and connecting it to the small stomach pouch, causing the base of the duodenum leading from the nonfunctional portion of the stomach to form a Y configuration, which decreases the pathway of food through the intestine, this reducing absorption of calories and fats |
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| creation of an opening of a portion of the colon through the abdominal wall to its outside surface in order to divert fecal flow to a colostomy bag |
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| procedure for crushing a stone and eliminating its fragments surgically or using ultrasonic shock waves |
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| extracorporeal shock-wave lithotripsy |
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| use of shock waves as a noninvasive method to break up stones in the gallbladder or biliary ducts |
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| incision of the longitudinal and circular muscles of the pylorus, which is used to treat hypertrophic pyloric stenosis |
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| gastrointestinal endoscopy |
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| visual examination of the gastrointestinal tract using a flexible fiberoptic instrument with a magnifying lens and a light source (endoscope) to identify abnormalities, including bleeding, ulcerations, and tumers |
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| panel of blood tests that identifies the specific virus (A, B, or C) that is causing hepatitis by testing serum using antibodies to each of these antigens |
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| liver function tests (LFTs) |
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| group of blood tests that evaluate liver injury, liver function, and conditions commonly associated with the bilary tract |
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| measurement of the levels of bilirubin in the blood |
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| test to identify microorganisms or parasites present in feces that are causing a gastrointestinal infection |
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| test that applies a substance called guaiac to a stool sample to detect the presence of occult (hidden) blood in the feces; also called a Hemoccult (trade name of a modified guaiac test) |
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| lower gastrointestinal series |
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Definition
| radiographic images of the rectum and colon following administrations of barium into the rectum; also called lower GI series or barium enema |
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| oral cholecystography (OCG) |
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Definition
| radiographic images taken of the gallbladder after administration of a contrast material containing iodine, usually in the form of a tablet |
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| magnetic resonance cholangiopancreatography (MRCO) |
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| magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is used to visualize the bilary and pancreatic ducts and gallbladder in a noninvasive manner |
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| radiologic examination of the salivary glands and ducts |
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| abdominal ultrasonography |
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| ultrasound visualization of the abdominal aorta, liver, gallbladder, bile ducts, pancreas,kidneys,ureters, and bladder |
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| endoscopic ultrasonography |
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| combines endoscopy and ultrasound to examine and obtain images of the digestive tract and the surrounding tissue and organs |
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| upper gastrointestinal series (UGIS) |
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| radiographic images of the esophagus, stomach, and small intestine following oral administration of barium, also called barium swallow |
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| counteract or neutralize acidity, usually in the stomach; used to treat and prevent heartburn and acid reflux |
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| control loose stools and relive diarrhea by absorbing excess water in the bowel or slowing peristalsis in the intestinal tract |
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| control nausea and vomiting by blocking nerve impulses to the vomiting center of the brain; some emetics act by hastening movement of food through the digestive tract |
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| decrease gastrointestinal (GI) spasms by slowing peristalsis and motility throughout the GI tract; prescribed for IBS, spastic colon, diverticulitis |
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| treat constipation by increasing peristaltic activity in the large intestine or increasing water and electrolyte secretion into the bowel to induce defecation |
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acquired immune deficiency syndrome
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| esophagogastroduodenoscopy lithotripsy |
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| extracorporeal shock-wave |
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| endoscopic ultrasonography (x-ray studies) |
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| gastroesophageal reflux disease |
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| magnetic resonance chloangiopancreatography |
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| upper gastrointestinal series |
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| alimentary canal (GI tract) |
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| digestive tube in the digestive system |
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| the mechanical breaking down of food |
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| the main structure of the tooth (beneath the enamel) |
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| rough projections on the surface of the tongue that contain taste buds |
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| anterior portion of the roof of the mouth |
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| posterior portion of the roof of the mouth |
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| small flap of cartilage that folds back to the cover of the trachea during swallowing |
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| the first part of the small intestine |
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| lower esophageal (cardiac) sphincter |
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| the terminal portion of the esophagus; composed of muscle fibers that constrict once foods has passed into the stomach |
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| the upper portion of the stomach |
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| funnel-shaped terminal portion of the stomach |
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| macroscopic longitudinal folds in the interior lining of the stomach; gradually unfold as the stomach fills |
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| semiliquid form of partially digested food |
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| regulates the speed and movement of chyme from the stomach into the small intestine and prohibits backflow |
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| rhythmic muscle contractions that propel food through the GI tract |
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| the middle part of the small intestine |
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| last part of the small intestine |
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| microscopic, fingerlike projections ins the small intestine that absorb nutrients from chyme |
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| the sphincter muscle at the terminal end of the small intestine; allows undigested or unabsorbed material from the small intestine to pass into the large intestine |
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| the first 2-3 inches of the large intestine |
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| a wormlike structure projecting downward from the cecum; its function is unknown |
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| part of the large intestine that extends from the cecum to the lower border of the liver |
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| curvature of the large intestine below the liver |
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| part of large intestine that goes from the left side of the abdomen to the right |
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| curvature of the large intestine under the spleen |
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| part of the large intestine that extends from the splenic flexure downward |
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| largest glandular organ in the body; located beneath the diaphragm in both the RUQ and the LUQ |
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| enlongated, somewhat flattened organ that lies posterior and slightly inferior to the stomach; performs endocrine and exocrine functions |
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| a saclike structure on the inferior surface of the liverl storage area for bile |
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| branch of medicine concerned with digestive diseases |
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| bacteria that is a common cause of PUD; causes erosion of the protective mucous membrane of the stomach |
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| circumscribed open sore on the skin or mucous membranes of the body |
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| a chronic inflammatory disease of the colon; has characteristic inflammatory pattern |
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| surgical creation of an opening |
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| a hernia that has had its blood supply cut off because of pressure |
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| occurs when the flow of intestinal contents are prevented from moving forward due to an obstacle or barrier that blocks the lumen |
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| nonmechanical obstruction |
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| occurs when peristalsis is impaired and the intestinal contents cannot be propelled through the bowel |
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| when part of the intestine skips into another part just beneath it |
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| enlarged veins in the mucous membrane of the anal canal |
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| taken into the digestive tract in a way other than by mouth |
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| a condition in which small, blisterlike pockets develop in the inner lining of the large intestine and mau balloon through the intestinal wall |
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| small, blisterlike pockets that may develop in the large intestine |
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