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| generic term for an agent (usually a hormone such as testosterone and androsterone) that stimulates development of male characteristics |
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| state in which the regulatory mechanisms of the body maintain an internal environment wihtin tolerable levels, despite changes in the external environment |
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| forming a complex substance by the union of simpler compounds or elements |
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| the sublayers of the epidermis |
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| horny tissue; hard; cornea |
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| hardening; sclera (white of eye) |
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| specialist in the study of |
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| tumor cells well differentiated; close resemblance to tissue of origins and, thus, retaining some specialized functions |
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tumor cells moderately or poorly differentiated;
-less resemblance to tissues of origin
-more variation in size and shape or timor cells
-increased mitoses |
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tumor cells poorly differentiated;
-increased abnormality in appearance with only removed resemblance to the tissue of origin
-marked variation in shape and size of tumor cells
-greatly increased mitoses
-abnormal appearance to the extent that recognition of the tumor's tissue origin is difficult
-extreme variation in size and shape of tumor cells |
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tumor cells very poorly differentiated
-increased abnormality in appearance with only removed resemblance to the tissue of origin
-marked variation in shape and size of tumor cells
-greatly increased mitoses
-abnormal appearance to the extent that recognition of the tumor's tissue origin is difficult
-extreme variation in size and shape of tumor cells |
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| primary tumor that cannot be evaluated |
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| stage one tumor; carcinoma in situ, which indicates that the tumor is in a defined location and shows no invasion into surrounding tissues |
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| Stage II tumor; primary tumor size and extent of local invasion, where T1 is small with minimul invasion and T4 is large with extensive local invasion into surrounding organs and tissues |
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| regional lymph nodes that cannot be evaluated |
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| regional lymph nodes that show no abnormalities |
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| Stage III; degree of lymph node involvement and spread to regional lymph node, where N1 is less involvement with minimal spreading and N4 is more involvment with extensive spreading |
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| distant metastasis that cannot be evaluated |
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| no evidence of metastasis |
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| Stage IVl presence of metastasis |
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| localized collection of pus at the site of an infection (characteristically a staphylococcla infection) |
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| inflammatory disease of the sebaceous glands and hair follicles of the skin with characteristic lesions that include blackheads (comedos), inflammatory papules, pustules, nodules, and cysts and usually associated with seborrhea; also called acne vulgaris |
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| partial or complete loss of hair resulting from normal aging, an endocrine disorder, a drug reaction, anticancer medication, or a skin disease; commonly called baldness |
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| form of intraepidermal carcinoma (squamous cell) characterized by red-brown scaly or crusted lesions that resemble a patch of psoriasis or dermatitisl; also called Bowen precancerous dermatosis |
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| diffuse (widespread), acute infection of the skin and subcutaneous tissue |
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| pigmentary skin discoloration usually occuring in yellowish brown patches or spots |
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| typical small skin lesion of acne vulgaris caused by accumulation of keratin, bacteria, and dried sebum plugging an excretory duct of the skin |
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| infection of the skin caused by fungi |
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| skin discoloration consisting of a large, irregularly formed hemorrhagic area with colors changing from blue-black to greenish brown or yellow; commonly called a bruise |
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| chronic inflammatory skin condition that is characterized by erythema, papules, vesicles, pustules, scales, crusts, and scabs and accompanied by intense itching (pruritis); also called atopic dermatitis |
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| redness of skin caused by swelling of the capillaries |
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| dead matter taht is sloughed off from the surface of the skin, especially after a burn |
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| bacterial skin infection characterized by isolated pustules that become crusted and rupture |
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| thickened area of the epidermis or any horny growth of the skin (such as a callus or wart) |
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| small brown macules, especially on the face and arms, brought on my sun exposure, usually middle aged or older person |
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| unnatural paleness or absence of color in the skin |
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| infestation with lice, transmitted by personal contact or common use of brushes, combs, or headgear |
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| minute, pinpoint hemorrhage under the skin |
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| inflammation, sore, or skin deterioration caused by prolonged pressure from lying in one position that prevents blood flow to the tissues, usually in elderly bedridden persons; also known as a decubitus ulcer |
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| chronic skin disease characterized by circumscribed red patches covered by thick, dry, silvery, adherent scales and caused by excessive development of the basal layer of the epidermis |
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| any of several bleeding disorders characterized by hemorrhage into the tissues, particularly beneath the skin or mucous membranes, producing ecchymoses or petechiae |
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| contagious skin disease transmitted by the itch mite, commonly though sexual contact |
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| fungal skin infection whose name commonly indicates the body part affectedl also called ringworm |
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| allergic reaction of the skin characterized by the eruption of pale red, elevated patches called wheals or hives |
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| epidermal growth caused by a virus; also known as warts. Types included plantar warts, juvenile warts, and venereal warts |
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| localized loss of skin pigmentation characterized by milk-white patches |
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| chemical removal of the outer layers of the skin to treat acne scarring and general keratoses; also called chemicalabrasion |
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| use of subfreezing temperature (commonly liquid nitrogen) to destroy or eliminate abnormal tissue, such as tumors, warts, and unwanted, cancerous, or infected tissue |
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| removal or necrotized tissue from a wound by surgical excision, enzymes, or chemical agents |
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| rubbing (abrasion) using wire brushes or sandpaper to mechanically scrape away (abrade) the epidermis |
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| tissue destruction by means of high-frequency electric current; also called elctrodesoccation |
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| photodynamic therapy (PDT) |
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| procedure in which cells selectively treated with an agent called a photosensitizer are exposed to light to produce a reaction that destroys the cells |
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| representative tissue sample removed from a body site for microscopic examination |
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| frozen section (FS) biopsy |
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| ultrathin slice of tissue from a frozen specimen from immediate pathological examination |
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| removal of a small tissue sample for examination using a hollow neede, usually attached to a syringe |
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| removal of a small core tissue uisng a hollow punch |
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| removal of elevated lesions using a surgical blade |
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| layers of cancer-containing skin are progressiveley removed and examined until only cancer-free tissue remains |
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| transplantation of healthy tissue to an injured site |
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| transplantation of healthy tissue from one person to another person; also called homograft |
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| transplantation of healthy tissue from one site to another site in the same individual |
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| transplation of artifical skin produced from collagen fibers arranged in a lattice pattern |
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| transplantation (dermis only) from a foreign donor (usually a pig) and tranferred to a human; also called a heterograft |
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| any test in which a suspected allergen or sensitizer is applied to or injected into the skin to determine the patient's sensitivity to it |
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| intradermal allergy skin test |
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| skin test that identifies suspected allergens by subcutaneously injecting small amounts of extracts of the suspected allergens and observing the skin for a subsequent reaction |
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| skin test that identifies allergic contact dermatitis by applying a suspected allergen to a patch which is then taped on the skin, usually the forearm and observing the area for 24 hours later for am allergic response |
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| scratch allergy skin test |
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| skin test that identifies suspected allergens by placing a small quantity of the suspected allergen on a lightly scratched area of the skin; also called a puncture or prick test |
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| culture and sensitivity (C&S) allergy skin test |
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| laboratory test that grows a colony of bacteria removed from an infected area (such as an ulcer, wound, or pus from an infection) in order to identify the specific infecting bacterium and then determine its sensitivity to antibiotic drugs |
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| alter the cell wall of fungi or disrupt enzyme activity, resulting in cell death |
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| inhibit allergic reactions of inflammation, redness, and itching caused by the release of histamine |
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| kills insect parasites, such as mites and lice |
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| topically applied agents that inhibit growth of bacteria, this preventing infectiosn in cuts, scratches, and surgical incisions |
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| decrease inflammation and itching by suppressing the immune system's inflammatory response to tissue damage |
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| destroy and soften the outer layer of skin so that it is sloughed off or shed |
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| cover, cool, dry or sooth inflamed skin |
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| block sensation of pain by numbing the skin layers and mucous membranes |
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| cancer; chronological age; cardiac arrest |
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| impression (synonymous with diagnosis) |
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| layer of the epidermis that is composed of dead, flat cells that lack a blood supply and sensory receptors |
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| basal layer (of epidermis) |
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| deepest layer of the epidermis comprised of living cells where new cells are formed |
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| hard, waterproof protein material that fills the dead cells of the stratum corneum |
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| special cells that produce melanin |
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| black pigment that provides a protective barrier from the damaging effects of the sun's ultraviolet radiation |
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| a condition where an individual cannot produce melanin; has a marked deficiency of pigment in the eyes, hair, and skin |
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| the second layer of the skin; composed of living tissue and contains capillaries, lymphatic vessels, nerve endings, hair follicles, sebaceous glands, and sudoriferous glands; also called the corium |
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| subcutaneous layer (hypodermis) |
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| layer of skin that binds the dermis to underlying structures; composed primarily of loose connective tissue ad adipose tussue interlaced with blood vessels; stpres fat, insulates and cusions the body, and regulates temperature |
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| glands that secrete substances through ducts to an outer surface to the body rather than directly into the blood stream |
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| oily secretion produced by the sebaceous glands |
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| the visible part of the hair |
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| the hair root and its coverings, which are embedded in the dermis |
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| covering which encloses the bottom of the hair follicle and the surrounding capillaries |
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| layer of epithelium below the nail; continuous wit hthe epithelium layer of the skin |
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| the pink area of the nail |
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| the half-moon shaped area at the base of the nail where new growth occurs |
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| areas of tussie that have been pathologically altered by injury, wound, or infection |
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| over an area of a definite size |
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| widely spread throughout the body |
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| the initial reaction to pathologically altered tissue and may be flat or elevated |
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| changes that take place in the primary lesion due to infection scratching ,trauma, or various stages of a disease |
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| first-degree (superficial burn) |
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| the least serious type of burn because they injure only the epidermis |
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| burn caused by contact with dry or moist heat |
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| acute sensitivity to sensory stimuli such as touch, heat, or cold |
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| second-degree (partial thickness) burn |
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| deep burns that damage the epidermis and part of the dermis |
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| fluid-filled blisters; also called bullae |
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| third-degree (full thickness) burn |
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| burn in which the epidermis and dermis are destroyed and some of the underlying connective tissue is damaged, leaving the skin waxy and charred with insensitivity to touch; the underlying bones, muscles, and tendons may also be damaged |
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| surgical repair of the skin (such as skin grafts) |
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| abnormal growths of new tissue that are classified as benign or malignant; also known as tumors |
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| noncancerous growths composed of the same type of cells as the tissue in which they are growing |
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| composed of cells that tend to become invasive and spread to remote regions of the body; also known as cancer |
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| spread of cancer to other parts of the body |
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| newer treatment that stimulates the body's own immune defenses to fight tumor cells; also called biotherapy |
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| combined modality treatment |
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| using a combination of treatments to treat cancer |
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| a method used to evaluate cells from the tumor site and determine the degree of loss of cellular differentiation and function |
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| tumor-node-metastasis (TNM) system |
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| the most common system used for staging tumors; classifies solid tumors by size and degree of spread |
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| most common type of skin cancer; malignancy of the basal layer of the epidermis or hair follicles |
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| cancer that arises from skin that undergoes keratinization (pathological hardening) of epidermal cells |
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| type of squamous cell carcinoma that is confined to the original site |
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| invasive squamous cell carcinoma |
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| type of squamous cell carcinoma that penetrates the surrounding tissue |
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| a highly metastatic malignant growth of melanocytes |
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