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Med Term ch 9
respiratory system
173
Medical
Graduate
03/15/2008

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Term
alveol/o
Definition
alveolus (air sac)
Term
bronch/o
Definition
bronchus (airway)
Term
bronchi/o
Definition
bronchus (airway)
Term
bronchiol/o
Definition
bronchiole (little airway)
Term
capn/o
Definition
carbon dioxide
Term
carb/o
Definition
carbon dioxide
Term
laryng/o
Definition
larynx (voice box)
Term
lob/o
Definition
lobe (a portion)
Term
nas/o
Definition
nose
Term
rhin/o
Definition
nose
Term
or/o
Definition
mouth
Term
ox/o
Definition
oxygen
Term
palat/o
Definition
palate
Term
pharyng/o
Definition
pharynx (throat)
Term
phren/o
Definition
diaphragm (also mind)
Term
pleur/o
Definition
pleura
Term
pneum/o
Definition
air or lung
Term
pneumon/o
Definition
air or lung
Term
pulmon/o
Definition
lung
Term
sinus/o
Definition
sinus (cavity)
Term
spir/o
Definition
breathing
Term
thorac/o
Definition
chest
Term
pector/o
Definition
chest
Term
steth/o
Definition
chest
Term
tonsill/o
Definition
tonsil (almond)
Term
trache/o
Definition
trachea (windpipe)
Term
uvul/o
Definition
uvula
Term
-pnea
Definition
breathing
Term
nose
Definition
structure that warms, moistens, and filters air as it enters the respiratory tract and that houses the olfactory receptors for the sense of smell
Term
sinuses
Definition
air-filled spaces in the skull that open into the nasal cavity
Term
palate
Definition
partition between the oral and nasal cavities; divided into hard and soft
Term
pharynx
Definition
throat; passageway for food to the esophagus and air into the larynx
Term
nasopharynx
Definition
part of the pharynx directly behind the nasal passages
Term
oropharynx
Definition
central portion of the pharynx between the roof of the mouth and the upper edge of the epiglottis
Term
laryngopharynx
Definition
lower part of the pharynx just below the oropharynx opening into the larynx and the esophagus
Term
tonsils
Definition
oval lymphatic tissue on each side of the pharynx that filter air to protect the body from bacterial invasion- aka palatine tonsils
Term
adenoid
Definition
lymphatic tissue on the back of the pharynx behind the nose- aka pharyngeal tonsil
Term
uvula
Definition
small projection hanging from the back middle edge of the soft palate; named for grape like shape
Term
larynx
Definition
voice box; passage way for air moving from pharynx to trachea; contains vocal cords
Term
glottis
Definition
opening between the vocal cords in the larynx
Term
epiglottis
Definition
lid-like structure that covers the larynx during swallowing to prevent food from entering the airway
Term
trachea
Definition
windpipe; passageway for air from the larynx to the area of the carina where it spills into the right and left bronchus
Term
bronchial tree
Definition
branched airways that lead from the trachea to the alveoli
Term
right and left brnchus
Definition
two primary airways branching from the area of the carina into the lungs
Term
bronchioles
Definition
progressively smaller tubular branches of the airways
Term
alveoli
Definition
thin-walled microscopic air sacs that exchange gases
Term
lungs
Definition
two spongy organs, located in the thoracic cavity enclosed by the diaphragm and rib cage, responsible for respiration
Term
lobes
Definition
subdivisions of the lung, two on the left and three on the right
Term
pleura
Definition
membranes enclosing the lung (visceral pleura) and lining the thoracic cavity (parietal pleura)
Term
pleural cavity
Definition
potential space between the visceral and parietal layers of the pleura
Term
diaphragm
Definition
muscular partition that separates the thoracic cavity from the abdominal cavity and aids in respiration by moving up and down
Term
mediastinum
Definition
partition that separates the thorax into two compartments (that contain the right and left lungs) and encloses the heart, esophagus, trachea, and thymus gland
Term
mucous membranes
Definition
thin sheets of tissue that line the respiratory passages and secrete mucus, a viscid (sticky) fluid
Term
cilia
Definition
hair-like processes from the surface of epithelial cells, such as those of the bronchi, that provide upward movement of mucous cell secretions
Term
parenchyma
Definition
functional tissues of any organ such as the tissues of the bronchioles, alveoli, ducts, and sacs that perform respiration
Term
eupnea
Definition
normal breathing
Term
bradypnea
Definition
slow breathing
Term
tachypnea
Definition
fast breathing
Term
hypopnea
Definition
shallow breathing
Term
hyperpnea
Definition
deep breathing
Term
dyspnea
Definition
difficulty breathing
Term
apnea
Definition
inability to breathe
Term
orthopnea
Definition
ability to breathe only in an upright position
Term
Cheyne-Stokes respiration
Definition
pattern of breathing characterized by a gradual increase of depth and sometimes rate to a maximum level, followed by a decrease, resulting in apnea
Term
crackles/rales
Definition
popping sounds heard on auscultation of the lung when air enters diseased airways and alveoli- occurs in disorders such as bronchiectasis or atelectasis
Term
wheezes/rhonchi
Definition
high-pitched, musical sounds heard on auscultation of the lung as air flows through a narrowed airways- occurs in disorders such as asthma or emphysema
Term
stridor
Definition
a high-pitched crowing sound that is a sign of obstruction in the upper airway (trachea or larynx)
Term
caseous necrosis
Definition
degeneration and death of tissue with a cheese-like appearance (characteristic of tuberculosis)
Term
dysphonia
Definition
hoarsness
Term
epistaxis
Definition
nosebleed
Term
expectoration
Definition
coughing up and spitting out of material from the lungs
Term
sputum
Definition
material expelled from the lungs by coughing
Term
hemoptysis
Definition
coughing up and spitting out blood originating in the lungs
Term
hypercapnia/hypercarbia
Definition
excessive level of carbon dioxide in the blood
Term
hyperventilation
Definition
excessive movement of air in and out of the lungs causing hypocapnia
Term
hypoventilation
Definition
deficient movement of air in and out of the lungs causing hypercapnia
Term
hypoxemia
Definition
deficient amount of oxygen in the blood
Term
obstructive lung disorder
Definition
condition blocking the flow of air moving out of the lungs
Term
restrictive lung disorder
Definition
condition limiting the intake of air into the lungs
Term
pulmonary edema
Definition
fluid filling the spaces around the alveoli, eventually flooding into the alveoli
Term
pulmonary infiltrate
Definition
density on an x-ray representing solid material within the air spaces of the lungs, usually indicating inflammatory changes
Term
rhinorrhea
Definition
thin, watery discharge from the nose
Term
asthma
Definition
panting; obstructive pulmonary disease caused by a spasm of the bronchial tubes or by swelling of their mucous membrane, characterized by paroxysmal (sudden, periodic) attacks of wheezing, dyspnea, and cough
Term
atelectasia
Definition
collapse of lung tissue (alveoli)
Term
bronchiectasis
Definition
abnormal dilation of the bronchi with accumulation of mucus
Term
bronchitis
Definition
inflammation of the bronchi
Term
bronchogenic carcinoma
Definition
lung cancer
Term
bronchospasm
Definition
constriction of bronchi caused by spasm of the peribronchial smooth muscle
Term
emphysema
Definition
obstructive pulmonary disease characterized by overexpansion of the alveoli with air, with destructive changes in their walls resulting in loss of lung elasticity and gas exchange
Term
chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
Definition
permanent, destructive pulmonary disorder that is a combination of chronic bronchitis and emphysema
Term
cystic fibrosis
Definition
inherited condition of exocrine gland malfunction causing secretion of abnormally thick, viscous (sticky) mucus that obstructs passageways within the body, commonly affecting the lungs and digestive tract; mucus that obstructs that airways leads to infection, inflammation, and lung tissue damage
Term
laryngitis
Definition
inflammation of the larynx
Term
laryngotracheobronchitis/croup
Definition
inflammation of the upper airways with swelling that creates a funnel-shaped elongation of tissue causing distinct "seal bark" cough
Term
laryngospasm
Definition
spasm of laryngeal muscles causing constriction
Term
nasal polyposis
Definition
presence of numerous polyps in the nose (a polyp is a tumor on a stalk)
Term
pharyngitis
Definition
inflammation of the pharynx
Term
pleural effusion
Definition
accumulation of fluid within the pleural cavity
Term
empyema/ pyothorax
Definition
accumulation of pus in the pleural cavity
Term
hemothorax
Definition
accumulation of blood in the pleural cavity
Term
pleuritis/ pleurisy
Definition
inflammation of the pleura
Term
pneumoconiosis
Definition
chronic restrictive pulmonary disease resulting from prolonged inhalation of fine dusts such as coal, asbestos (asbestosis), or silicone (silicosis)
Term
pneumonia
Definition
inflammation in the lung caused by infection from bacteria, viruses, fungi, or parasites, or resulting from aspiration of chemicals
Term
pneumocystis pneumonia
Definition
pneumonia caused by the Pneumocystis carinii organism- a common opportunistic infection seen in those with positive HIV
Term
pneumothorax
Definition
air in the pleural cavity caused by a puncture of the lung or chest wall
Term
pneumohemothorax
Definition
air and blood in the pleural cavity
Term
pneumonitis
Definition
inflammation of the lungs often caused by hypersensitivity to chemicals or dusts
Term
pulmonary embolism
Definition
occlusion in the pulmonary circulation, most often caused by a blood clot
Term
pulmonary tuberculosis
Definition
disease caused by the presence of Mycobacterium tuberculosis in the lungs characterized by the formation of tubercles, inflammation, and necrotizing caseous lesions
Term
sinusitis
Definition
inflammation of the sinuses
Term
sleep apnea
Definition
periods of breathing cessation (10 sec or more) that occur during sleep, often causing snoring
Term
tonsillitis
Definition
acute or chronic inflammation of the tonsils
Term
upper respiratory infection
Definition
infectious disease of the upper respiratory tract involving the nasal passages, pharynx, and bronchi
Term
arterial blood gases
Definition
analysis of arterial blood to determine the adequacy of lung function in the exchange of gases
Term
pH
Definition
a measure of blood acidity or alkalinity
Term
PaO2
Definition
partial pressure of oxygen measuring the amount of oxygen in the blood
Term
PaCO2
Definition
partial pressure of carbon dioxide measuring the amount of carbon dioxide in the blood
Term
endoscopy
Definition
examination of a body cavity with a flexible endoscope to examine within for diagnostic or treatment purposes
Term
bronchoscopy
Definition
use of a flexible endoscope, called a bronchoscope, to examine the airways
Term
nasopharyngoscopy
Definition
use of a flexible endoscope to examine the nasal passages and the pharynx (throat) to diagnose structural abnormalities such as obstructions, growths and cancers
Term
lung biopsy
Definition
removal of a small piece of lung tissue for pathological examination
Term
lung scan
Definition
two-part nuclear scan of the lungs to detect abnormalities of perfusion or ventilation, commonly called a V/Q (ventilation/perfusion) scan
Term
ventilation scan
Definition
made as the patient breathes radioactive material into the airways
Term
perfusion scan
Definition
made after radioactive material is injected into the blood and circulates to the lungs
Term
polysomnography
Definition
recording of various aspects of sleep (eye and muscle movements, respiration, brain wave patterns) for diagnosis of sleep disorders
Term
auscultation
Definition
to listen; listening to the sounds within the body with the aid of a stethoscope
Term
percussion
Definition
physical examination method of tapping over the body to elicit vibrations and sounds to estimate the size, border, or fluid content of a cavity such as the chest
Term
pulmonary function testing
Definition
direct and indirect measurements of lung volumes and capacities
Term
spirometry
Definition
portion of pulmonary function testing that is a direct measure of lung volume and capacity
Term
tidal volume
Definition
amount of air exhaled after a normal inspiration
Term
vital capacity
Definition
amount of air exhaled after a maximal inspiration
Term
peak flow/ peak expiratory flow rate
Definition
measure of the fastest flow or exhaled air after a maximal inspiration
Term
pulse oximetry
Definition
noninvasive method of estimating the percentage of oxygen saturation in the blood using an oximeter with a specialized probe attached to the skin at a site of arterial pulsation, commonly the finger; used to monitor hypoxemia
Term
chest x-ray
Definition
x-ray image of the chest to visualize the lungs
Term
pulmonary angiogram
Definition
x-ray of the blood vessels of the lungs after injection of contrast material
Term
adenoidectomy
Definition
excision of the adenoids
Term
lobectomy
Definition
removal of a lobe of the lung
Term
nasal polypectomy
Definition
removal of a nasal polyp
Term
pneumonectomy
Definition
removal of an entire lung
Term
thoracentesis
Definition
puncture for aspiration of the chest
Term
thoracoplasty
Definition
repair of the chest involving fixation of the ribs
Term
thorascopy
Definition
endoscopic examination of the pleural cavity using a thorascope
Term
thoracostomy
Definition
creation of an opening in the chest usually for insertion of a tube
Term
thoracotomy
Definition
incision into the chest
Term
tonsillectomy
Definition
excision of the palatine tonsils
Term
tonsillectomy and adenoidectomy
Definition
excision of the tonsils and adenoids
Term
tracheostomy
Definition
creation of an opening in the trachea, most often to insert a tube
Term
tracheotomy
Definition
incision into the trachea
Term
cardiopulmonary resuscitation
Definition
method of artificial respiration and closed-chest massage used to restore breathing and cardiac output after cardiac arrest
Term
continuous positive airway pressure
Definition
device that pumps a constant pressurized flow of air through the nasal passages, commonly used during sleep to prevent airway closure in sleep apnea
Term
endotracheal intubation
Definition
passage of a tube into the trachea via the nose or mouth to open the airway for delivering gas mixtures to the lungs
Term
incentive spirometry
Definition
common post-op breathing therapy using a specially designed spirometer to encourage the pt to inhale and repeatedly sustain an inspiratory volume to exercise the lungs and prevent pulmonary complications
Term
mechanical ventilation
Definition
mechanical method performed by a respiratory therapist to provide assisted breathing using a ventilator
Term
antibiotic
Definition
drug that kills or inhibits the growth of microorganisms
Term
anticoagulant
Definition
drug that dissolves, or prevents the formation of, thrombi or emboli in the blood vessels
Term
bronchodilator
Definition
drug that dilates the muscular walls of the bronchi
Term
expectorant
Definition
drug that breaks up mucus and promotes coughing
Term
ABGs
Definition
arterial blood gases
Term
COPD
Definition
chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
Term
CPAP
Definition
continuous positive airway pressure
Term
CXR
Definition
chest x-ray
Term
HIV
Definition
human immunodeficiency virus
Term
LTB
Definition
laryngotracheobronchitis
Term
PE
Definition
pulmonary embolism
Term
PEFR
Definition
peak expiratory flow rate
Term
PF
Definition
peak flow
Term
PFT
Definition
pulmonary function test
Term
pH
Definition
potential of hydrogen
Term
PSG
Definition
polysomnography
Term
T&A
Definition
tonsillectomy and adenoidectomy
Term
TB
Definition
tuberculosis
Term
TV or Vt
Definition
tidal volume
Term
URI
Definition
upper respiratory infection
Term
VC
Definition
vital capacity
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