Shared Flashcard Set

Details

Med term ch 6
ch 6
202
Medical
Undergraduate 2
03/27/2011

Additional Medical Flashcards

 


 

Cards

Term
agglutin
Definition
clumping
Term
bas
Definition
base
Term
chrom
Definition
color
Term
coagul
Definition
clotting
Term
eosin
Definition
rosy red
Term
erythr
Definition
red
Term
fibrin
Definition
fibers
Term
hem or hemat
Definition
blood
Term
leuk
Definition
white
Term
phag
Definition
eat, swallow
Term
sanguin
Definition
blood
Term
thromb
Definition
clot
Term
-apheresis
Definition
removal, carry away
Term
-cytosis
Definition
more than the normal number of cells
Term
-emia
Definition
blood condition
Term
-globin
Definition
protein
Term
-penia
Definition
abnormal decrease, too few
Term
-phil
Definition
attracted to
Term
-poiesis
Definition
formation
Term
-stasis
Definition
standing still
Term
plasma
Definition
what the cells float in
Term
formed elements
Definition
cells in blood as a group
Term
erythrocytes
Definition
red blood cells; transporting substances
Term
leukocytes
Definition
white blood cells; protect the body from invading microorganisms
Term
platelets
Definition
controlling blood
Term
albumin
Definition
helps transport fatty substances that cannot dissolve in the watery plasma
Term
gamma globulin
Definition
antibodies
Term
fibrinogen
Definition
blood-clotting protein
Term
enucleated
Definition
no longer contain a nucleus
Term
hemoglobin
Definition
makes cells red, iron containing pigment, picks up oxygen from lungs and delivers it to the tissues of the body
Term
bilirubin
Definition
waste product disposed of by the liver
Term
pathogens
Definition
bacteria, viruses, and other foreign material
Term
granulocytes
Definition
with granules in the cytoplasm; basophilis, eosinophilis, neutrophilis
Term
basophilis
Definition
release histamine and heparin to damaged tissue
Term
eosinophilis
Definition
destroy parasites and increase during allergic reactions
Term
neutrophilis
Definition
important for phagocytosis; most numerous of the leukocytes
Term
agranulocytes
Definition
w.o granules in cytoplasm; monocytes, lymphocytes
Term
monocytes
Definition
important for phagocytosis
Term
lymphocytes
Definition
plays several different roles in immune response
Term
thrombocyte
Definition
platelet
Term
platelets
Definition
smallest of all formed elements
Term
hemostasis
Definition
blood clotting process
Term
agglutinate
Definition
clump
Term
thromboplastin
Definition
reacts with prothrombin to form thrombin
Term
prothrombin
Definition
clotting protein
Term
thrombin
Definition
converts fibrinogen to fibrin
Term
fibrin
Definition
meshlike blood clot
Term
blood typing
Definition
lab test determines compatibility of donated blood
Term
ABO system
Definition
A & B red blood cell markers
Term
type A
Definition
A marker, produces anti-B antibodies that will attack type B blood.
Term
type B
Definition
B marker; anti A-antibodies
Term
type AB
Definition
no antibodies, won't attack any blood types, universal recipient
Term
type O
Definition
has both A and B antibodies and will attack all other blood types, universal donor because it will not react with anti-a or anti-b
Term
Rh-negative
Definition
w.o Rh factor and will produce anti-Rh antibodies, Rh- blood only
Term
Rh positive
Definition
no anti-Rh antibodies so can have Rh+ and Rh-
Term
blood clot
Definition
hard collection of fibrin, blood cells, and tissue debris that is the end result of hemostasis
Term
coagulate
Definition
to convert from a liquid to a gel or solid
Term
dyscrasia
Definition
a general term indicating the presence of a disease affecting blood
Term
hematology
Definition
branch of medicine that specializes in treating diseases and conditions of the blood.
Term
hematoma
Definition
collection of blood under the skin as the result of blood escaping into the tissue from damaged blood vessels; bruise
Term
hemostasis
Definition
to stop bleeding or the stagnation of blood flow through the tissues
Term
packed cells
Definition
a transfusion of only the formed elements without plasma
Term
whole blood
Definition
refers to the mixture of both plasma and formed elements
Term
hemophilia
Definition
hereditary blood disease in which the blood-clotting time is prolonged due to a lack of one vital clotting factor. transmitted by a sex- linked trait from females to males, appearing in almost exclusively in males
Term
hyperlipidemia
Definition
condition of having too high a level of lipids such as cholesterol in the bloodstream. A risk factor for developing atherosclerosis and coronary artery disease.
Term
septicemia
Definition
having bacteria or their toxins in the bloodstream. Sepsis is a term that means putrefaction. Commonly referred to as blood poisoning.
Term
anemia
Definition
large group of conditions characterized by a reduction in the number of red blood cells or the amount of hemoglobin in the blood, results in less oxygen reaching the tissue
Term
aplastic anemia
Definition
severe form of anemia that develops as a consequence of loss of functioning red bone marrow. Results in decrease in the number of all the formed elements. Treatment may eventually require a bone marrow transplant
Term
hemolyctic anemia
Definition
an anemia that develops as the result of the excessive loss of erythrocytes.
Term
hemolyctic reaction
Definition
destruction of a patients erythrocytes that occurs when recieving a transfusion of an incompatible blood type. also called transfusion reaction.
Term
hypochromic anemia
Definition
anemia resulting from having insufficient hemoglobin in the erythrocytes. named because the hemoglobin molecule is responsible for the dark red color of the erythrocytes.
Term
iron-deficiency anemia
Definition
anemia that results from having insufficient iron to manufacture hemoglobin.
Term
pernicious anemia
Definition
anemia associated with insufficient absorption of vitamin B12 by the digestive system. B12 is necessary for erythrocyte production.
Term
polycythemia vera
Definition
production of too many red blood cells by the bone marrow. Blood becomes too thick to easily to flow through the blood vessels.
Term
sickle cell anemia
Definition
a genetic disorder in which erythrocytes take on an abnormal curved or sickle shape. these cells are fragile and are easily damaged, leading to a hemolytic anemia.
Term
thalassemia
Definition
a genetic disorder in which the body is unable to make functioning hemoglobin, resulting in anemia.
Term
leukemia
Definition
cancer of the white blood cell-forming red bone marrow resulting in large number of abnormal and immature white blood cells circulating in the blood.
Term
blood culture and sensitivity
Definition
sample of blood is incubated in the laboratory to check for bacterial growth.
Term
complete blood count
Definition
combination of blood tests including: red blood cell count(RBC), white blood cell count(WBC), hemoglobin(Hgb), hematocrit(Hct), white blood cell differential, and platelet count.
Term
erythrocyte sedimentation rate
Definition
blood test to determine the rate at which mature red blood cells settle out of the blood after the addition of an anticoagulant. this is an indicator of the presence of an inflammatory disease
Term
hematocrit
Definition
blood test to measure the volume of red blood cells within the total volume of blood.
Term
prothrombin time
Definition
measure of the blood's coagulation abilities by measuring how long it takes for a clot to form after prothrombin has been activated.
Term
red blood cell morphology
Definition
examination of a specimen of blood for abnormalities in the shape of the erythrocytes. used to determine diseases like sickle cell anemia.
Term
sequential multiple analyzer computer
Definition
machine for doing multiple blood chemistry tests automatically
Term
white blood cell differential
Definition
blood test to determine the number of each variety of leukocytes
Term
bone marrow aspiration
Definition
sample of bone marrow is removed by aspiration with a needle and examined for diseases such as leukemia or aplastic anemia
Term
phlebotomy
Definition
incision into a vein in order to remove blood for a diagnostic test. also called venipuncture
Term
autologous transfusion
Definition
procedure for collecting and storing a patient's own blood several weeks prior to the actual need.
Term
blood transfusion
Definition
artificial transfer of blood into the bloodstream.
Term
bone marrow transplant
Definition
patient recieves red bone marrow from a donor after the patient's own bone marrow has been destroyed by radiation or chemotherapy.
Term
homologous transfusion
Definition
replacement of blood by transfusion of blood recieved from another person
Term
plasmapheresis
Definition
method of removing plasma from the body without depleting the formed elements. whole blood is removed and the cells and plasma are seperated. the cells are returned to the patient along with a donor plasma transfusion.
Term
anticoagulant
Definition
substance that prevents blood clot formation. blood thinners: heparin and warfarin
Term
antihemorrhagic
Definition
substance that prevents or stops hemorrhaging; a hemostatic agent; aminocaproic acid
Term
antiplatelet agents
Definition
substance that interferes with the action of platelets. prolongs bleeding time. used to prevent heart attacks and strokes. clopidogrel, Plavix
Term
hematinic
Definition
substance that increases the number of erythrocytes or the amount of hemoglobin in the blood.
Term
thrombolytic
Definition
term meaning able to dissolve existing blood clots
Term
ALL
Definition
acute lymphocytic leukemia
Term
AML
Definition
acute myelogenous leukemia
Term
basos
Definition
basophils
Term
BMT
Definition
bone marrow transplant
Term
CBC
Definition
complete blood count
Term
CLL
Definition
chronic lymphocytic leukemia
Term
CML
Definition
chronic myelogenous leukemia
Term
diff
Definition
differential
Term
eosins, eos
Definition
eosinophils
Term
ESR, SR, sed rate
Definition
erythrocyte sedimentation rate
Term
HCT, Hct, rit
Definition
hematocrit
Term
Hgb, Hb, HGB
Definition
hemoglobin
Term
lymphs
Definition
lymphocytes
Term
monos
Definition
monocytes
Term
PA
Definition
pernicious anemia
Term
PCV
Definition
packed cell volume
Term
PMN, polys
Definition
polymorphonuclear neutrophil
Term
PT, pro-time
Definition
prothrombin time
Term
RBC
Definition
red blood cell count
Term
segs
Definition
segmented neutrophils
Term
SMAC
Definition
sequential multiple analyzer computer
Term
WBC
Definition
white blood cell
Term
lymph
Definition
fluid once inside a lymphatic vessel
Term
lacteals
Definition
lymph vessels around small intestine; pick up absorbed fats for transport
Term
lymphatic capillaries
Definition
fluid enters to begin the trip back to the circulatory system
Term
right lymphatic duct
Definition
drains the right arm and the right side of the neck and chest, empties lymph into the right subclavian vein.
Term
thoracic duct
Definition
drains lymph from the rest of the body and empties into the left subclavian vein
Term
lymph glands or nodes
Definition
house lymphocytes and anitbodies and therefore work to remove pathogens and cell debris as lymph passes through them on its way back to the thoracic cavity, also trap and destroy cells from cancerous tumors.
Term
axillary
Definition
drain arms and shoulder region; cancer cells from breasts may be present-located in armpits
Term
cervical
Definition
located in neck-drain head and neck; may be enlarged during upper respiratory infections
Term
inguinal
Definition
located in groin- drain legs and lower pelvis
Term
mediastinal
Definition
located in chest- drain chest cavity
Term
tonsils
Definition
palatine tonsils, pharyngeal tonsils(adenoids), lingual tonsils- act as filters to protect the body from the invasion of pahtogens through the digestive or respiratory systems.
Term
spleen
Definition
located in the upper left quadrant of the abdomen, consists of lymphatic tissue that is highly infiltrated with blood vessels. filters out and destroys old red blood cells, recycles the iron, and stores some of the blood supply for the body
Term
phagocytic macrophages
Definition
line the blood sinuses in the blood sinuses in the spleen to engulf and remove pathogens.
Term
thymus gland
Definition
located in the upper portion of the mediastinum is essential for the proper development of the immune system.
Term
thymosin
Definition
thymus hormone changes lymphocytes to T lymphocytes
Term
T lymphocytes, T cells
Definition
play an important role in the immune response
Term
immunity
Definition
body's ability to defend itself against pathogens
Term
natural immunity
Definition
innate immunity, not specific to a particular disease and does not require prior exposure to the pathogenic agent
Term
acquired immunity
Definition
body's response to a specific pathogen and may be established either passively or actively.
Term
passive acquired immunity
Definition
results when a person recieves protective substances produced by another human or animal.
Term
immune response
Definition
a series of different mechanisms all geared to neutralize the agent
Term
immunizations
Definition
special types of active acquired immunity.
Term
antigens
Definition
foreign proteins that cause disease and stimulate the immune response
Term
humoral immunity or antibody mediated immunity
Definition
production of B lymphocytes, also called B cells, which respond to antigens by producing a protective protien
Term
antibody
Definition
combine with the antigen to form and antigen-antibody complex.
Term
antigen-antibody complex
Definition
targets the foreign substances for phagocytosis or prevents the infectious agent from damaging healthy cells
Term
cellular immunity
Definition
production of T cells and natural killer cells.
Term
natural killer cells
Definition
cytotoxic, physically attack and destroy pahtogenic cells.
Term
nosocomial infection
Definition
hospital exposure, can spread in several ways.
Term
cross infection
Definition
occurs when a patient or healthcare worker acquires a pathogen from another patient or healthcare worker
Term
reinfection
Definition
patient becomes infected again with the same pathogen that originally brought him or her to the hospital.
Term
self-inoculation
Definition
person becomes infected in a different part of the body by a pathogen from another part of his or her own body
Term
OSHA
Definition
Occupational Safety and Health Administration
Term
allergen
Definition
antigen that causes an allergic reaction
Term
allergist
Definition
physician who specializes in testing for and treating allergies
Term
allergy
Definition
hypersensitivity to a common substance in the environment or to a medication
Term
autoimmune disease
Definition
resulting from the body's immune system attacking its own cells as if they were pathogens.
Term
hives
Definition
appearance of wheals as part of an allergic reaction
Term
human immunodeficiency virus
Definition
virus that causes AIDS; also known as a retrovirus
Term
immunocompromised
Definition
having an immune system that is unable to respond properly to pathogens; also called immunodeficiency disorder
Term
immunoglobulins
Definition
antibodies secreted by B cells. all antibodies are immunoglobulins and assist in protecting the body and its surfaces from the invasion of bacteria.
Term
immunology
Definition
a branch of medicine concerned with diagnosis and treatment of infectious diseases and other disorders of the immune system.
Term
inflammation
Definition
the tissues' response to injury from pathogens or physical agents.
Term
lymphedema
Definition
edema appearing in the extremities due to an obstruction of the lymph flow through the lymphatic vessels.
Term
inflammation
Definition
the tissues' response to injury from pathogens or physical agents.
Term
opportunistic infections
Definition
infectious diseases associated with patients who have compromised immune systems and therefore a lowered resistance to infections and parasites.
Term
urticaria
Definition
severe itching associated with hives, usually linked to food allergy, stress, or drug reactions.
Term
anaphylactic shock
Definition
life threatening condition resulting from a severe allergic reaction.
Term
elephantiasis
Definition
inflammation, obstruction, and destruction of the lymph vessels resulting in enlarged tissues due to edema.
Term
Hodgkin's disease
Definition
cancer of the lymphatic cells found in concentration in the lymph nodes.
Term
lymphadenitis
Definition
inflammation of the lymph nodes; swollen glands
Term
mononucleosis
Definition
acute infectious disease with a large number of abnormal lymphocytes, abnormal liver function may occur
Term
non-Hodgkins lymphoma
Definition
cancer of the lymphatic tissues other than Hodgkins lymphoma
Term
acquired immunodeficiency syndrome
Definition
disease involving a defect in the cell-mediated immunity system. a syndrome of opportunistic infections occurring in the final stages of infection with the HIV. reduces the persons ability to fight
Term
AIDS-related complex
Definition
early stages of AIDS.
Term
graft vs. host disease
Definition
serious complication of bone marrow transplant (graft). immune cells from the donor bone marrow attack the recipients tissue.
Term
Kaposi's sarcoma
Definition
from of skin cancer frequently seen in patients with AIDS. Consists of brownish-purple papules that spread from the skin and metastasize to internal organs.
Term
pneumocystis carinii pneumonia
Definition
pneumonia common in patients with AIDS that is caused by infection with an opportunistic parasite.
Term
sarcoidosis
Definition
disease of unknown cause that forms fibrous lesions commonly appearing in the lymph nodes, liver, skin, lungs, spleen, eyes, and small bones of the hands and feet.
Term
severe combined immunodeficiency syndrome
Definition
disease seen in children born with a nonfunctioning immune system.
Term
enzyme-linked immunoabsorbent assay
Definition
a blood test for an antibody to the AIDS virus. positive test means that this person has been exposed to the virus.
Term
Western blot
Definition
test used as backup to the ELISA blood test to detect the presence of the antibody to HIV in the blood.
Term
lymphangiography
Definition
x-ray taken of the lymph vessels after the injection of dye into the foot.
Term
monospot
Definition
test for infectious mononucleosis
Term
scratch test
Definition
form of allergy testing in which the body is exposed to an allergen through a light scratch in the skin.
Term
immunotherapy
Definition
giving a patient an injection of immunoglobulins or antibodies in order to treat a disease.
Term
vaccination
Definition
exposure to a weakened pathogen that stimulates the immune response and antibody production in order to confer production against the full blown disease.
Term
lymphadenectomy
Definition
removal of a lymph node
Term
antihistamine
Definition
blocks the effects of histamine released by the body during an allergic reaction
Term
corticosteroids
Definition
a hormone produced by the adrenal cortex that has very strong anti-inflammatory properties.
Term
immunosuppressants
Definition
blocks certain actions of the immune system. required to prevent rejection of a transplanted organ.
Term
protease inhibitor drugs
Definition
inhibits protease, and enzyme viruses need to reproduce
Term
reverse transcriptase inhibitor drugs
Definition
inhibits reverse transcriptase, an enzyme needed by viruses to reproduce
Term
ARC
Definition
AIDS related complex
Term
ELISA
Definition
enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay
Term
GVHD
Definition
graft vs host disease
Term
HD
Definition
Hodgkin's disease
Term
Ig
Definition
immunoglobulins
Term
KS
Definition
Kaposi's sarcoma
Term
mono
Definition
mononucleosis
Term
NHL
Definition
non-Hodgkins lymphoma
Term
NK natural killer cells
Definition
Term
PCP
Definition
Supporting users have an ad free experience!