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| cerebellum (little brain) |
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| cerebrum (largest part of the brain) |
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| spinal cord or bone marrow |
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| exaggerated fear or sensitivity |
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| three dimensional or solid |
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| ventricle (belly or pouch) |
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| condition of abnormal impulse toward |
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| portion of the central nervous system contained within the cranium |
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| largest portion of the brain; divided into right and left hemispheres which are connected by a bridge of nerve fibers called the corpus callosum; lobes of cerebrum named after the skull bones they underlie |
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| anterior section of each cerebral hemisphere responsible for voluntary muscle movement and personality |
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| portion posterior to the frontal lobe, responsible for sensations such as pain, temp, and touch |
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| portion that lies below the frontal lobe, responsible for hearing, taste, and smell |
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| portion posterior to the parietal and temporal lobes, responsible for vision |
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| outer layer of the cerebrum consisting of gray matter, responsible for higher mental functions |
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| two gray matter nuclei deep within the brain, responsible for relaying sensory information to the cortex |
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| ring or circle; convolutions (mounds) of the cerebral hemispheres |
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| ditch; shallow grooves that separate the gyri |
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| splitting crack; deep grooves in the brain |
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| portion of the brain located below the occipital lobes of the cerebrum, responsible for control and coordination of skeletal muscles |
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| region of the brain that serves as a relay between the cerebrum, cerebellum, and spinal cord, responsible for breathing, heart rate, and body temp; there are three levels: mesencephalon (midbrain), pons, and medulla oblongata |
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| series of interconnected cavities within the cerebral hemispheres and brain stem filled with cerebrospinal fluid |
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| plasma-like clear fluid circulating in and around the brain and spinal cord |
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| column of nervous tissue from the brain stem through the vertebrae, responsible for nerve conduction to and from the brain and the body |
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| three membranes that cover the brain and spinal cord, consisting of the dura mater, piam mater, and arachnoid |
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| peripheral nervous system |
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| nerves that branch from the central nervous system, including nerves of the brain (cranial nerves) and spinal cord (spinal nerves) |
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| 12 pairs of nerves arising from the brain |
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| 31 pairs of nerves arising from the spinal cord |
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| nerves that conduct impulses from body parts and carry sensory information to teh brain- afferent nerves |
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| nerves that conduct motor impulses from the brain to the muscles and glands; efferent nerves |
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| nerves that carry involuntary impulses to smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, and various glands |
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| control center for the autonomic nervous system located below the thalamus (diencephalon) |
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| sympathetic nervous system |
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| division of the ANS concerned primarily with preparing the body in stressful or emergency situations |
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| parasympathetic nervous system |
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| division of the ANS that is more active in ordinary conditions; it counterbalances the effects of the sympathetic system by restoring the body to a restful state after a stressful experience |
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| condition without speech; impairment due to localized brain injury that affects understanding , retrieving, and formulating meaningful and sequential elements of language |
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| condition of difficult articulation; group of related speech impairments that may affect the speed, range, direction, strength, and timing of motor movements as a result of paralysis, weakness, or incoordination of speech muscles |
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| general term referring to levels of decreased consciousness with varying responsiveness; a common method of assessment id the Glasgow coma scale |
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| state of mental confusion due to disturbances in cerebral function- there are many causes, including fever, shock, or drug overdose |
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| impairment of intellectual function characterized by memory loss, disorientation, and confusion |
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| loss or impairment of muscle function |
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| loss or impairment of sensation |
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| pain along the course of a nerve |
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| temporary or permanent loss of motor control |
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| defective (flabby) or absent muscle control caused by a nerve lesion |
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| stiff and awkward muscle control caused by a central nervous system disorder |
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| partial paralysis of the right or left half of the body |
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| pain that follows the pathway of the sciatic nerve caused by compression or trauma of the nerve or its roots |
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| sudden, transient disturbances in brain function resulting from abnormal firing of nerve impulses (may or may not be associated with convulsions) |
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| to pull together; type of seizure that causes a series of sudden, involuntary contractions of muscles |
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| evoking a response by touching |
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| increased sensitivity to stimulation such as touch or pain |
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| abnormal sensation of numbness and tingling without objective cause |
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| any of many types of loss of neurological function associated with interpretation of sensory information |
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| inability to judge the form of an object by touch |
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| inability to locate a sensation properly, such as to locate a point touched on the body |
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| disease of structural changes in the brain resulting in an irreversible deterioration that progresses from forgetfulness and disorientation to loss of all intellectual functions, total disability, and death |
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| amyotrophic lateral sclerosis |
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Definition
| a condition of progressive deterioration of motor nerve cells resulting in total loss of voluntary muscle control; symptoms advance from muscle weakness in the arms, legs, muscles or speech, swallowing, and breathing to total paralysis and death- aka Lou Gehrig disease |
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| condition of motor dysfunction caused by damage to the cerebrum during development or injury at birth, characterized by partial paralysis and lack of muscle coordination |
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| disorder resulting from a change within one or more blood vessels if the brain |
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| cerebral arteriosclerosis |
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Definition
| hardening of the arteries of the brain |
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| condition of lipid ( fat) buildup within the blood vessels of the brain |
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| dilation of a blood vessel in the brain |
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| presence of a stationary clot in the blood vessel of the brain |
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Definition
| obstruction of a blood vessel in the brain by an embolus transported through the circulation |
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| cerebrovascular accident/stroke |
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Definition
| damage to teh brain caused by cerebrovascular disease (occlusion of a blood vessel by an embolus or thrombus or intracranial hemorrhage after rupture of an aneurysm) |
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| transient ischemic attack |
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Definition
| brief episode of loss of blood flow to the brain usually caused by a partial occlusion that results in temporary neurological deficit (impairment)- often preceeds a CVA |
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| ischemia of the anterior circulation of the brain |
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| ischemia of the posterior circulation of the brain |
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| inflammation of the brain |
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| disorder affecting the CNS characterized by recurrent seizures |
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| stiffening-jerking; a major motor seizure involving all muscle groups- previously termed grand mal seizure |
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| seizure involving a brief loss of consciousness without motor involvement- previously termed petit mal seizures |
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| seizures involving only limited areas of the brain with localized symptoms |
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Definition
| tumor of glial cells graded by degree of malignancy |
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| protrusion of a degenerated or fragmented intervertebral disk so that the nucleus pulposus protrudes, causing compression on the nerve root |
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Definition
| viral disease affecting the peripheral nerves, characterized by painful blisters that spread over the skin following the affected nerves, usually unilaterally- aka shingles |
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| hereditary disease of the CNS |
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| characterized by bizarre involuntary body movements and progressive dementia |
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| abnormal accumulation of cerebrospinal fluid in the ventricles of the brain as a result of developmental anomalies, infection, injury, or tumor |
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| benign tumor of the coverings of the brain (meninges) |
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| inflammation of the meninges |
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Definition
| paroxysmal attacks of mostly unilateral headache often accompanied by disordered vision, nausea, and/or vomiting, lasting hours or days and caused by dilation of arteries |
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Definition
| disease of the CNS characterized by the demyelination (deterioration of the myelin sheath) of nerve fibers, with episodes of neurological dysfunction (exacerbation) followed by recovery (remission) |
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| autoimmune disorder that affects the neuromuscular junction, causing a progressive decrease in muscle strength with activity and a return of strength after a period of rest |
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| inflammation of the spinal cord |
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| sleep disorder characterized by a sudden, uncontrollable need to sleep, attacks of paralysis (cataplexy), and dreams intruding while awake (hypnagogic hallucinations) |
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| condition of slowly progressive degeneration of an area of the brainstem (substantia nigra) resulting in a decrease of dopamine (a chemical neurotransmitter that is necessary for proper movement); characterized by tremor, rigidity or muscles, and slow movements (bradykinesia), usually occuring later in life |
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| paralysis on one side of the body |
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| paralysis from the waist down |
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| paralysis of all four limbs |
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Definition
| inflammation of the gray matter of the spinal cord caused by a virus, often resulting in spinal and muscle deformity and paralysis |
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Definition
| inflammation involving two or more nerves, often owing to a nutritional deficiency such as lack of thiamine |
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Term
| reflex sympathetic dystrophy |
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Definition
| condition of abnormal function of the sympathetic nervous system in response to pain perception, usually as the result of an injury to an extremity; symptoms include persistent burning pain, tissue edema, joint tenderness, changes in skin color and temp, and abnormal sweating at the pain site- decreased mobility caused by pain can lead to muscle atrophy and loss of motor function |
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Definition
| periods of breathing cessation that occur during sleep, often causing snoring |
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Definition
| congenital defect in the spinal column characterized by the absence of vertebral arches, often resulting in pouching of spinal membranes or tissue |
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Definition
| record of the minute electrical impulses of the brain used to identify neirological conditions that affect brain function and level of consciousness |
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Definition
| record of minute electrical potentials (waves) that are extracted from ongoing EEG activity to diagnose auditory, visual, and sensory pathway disorders- also used to monitor the neurological functions of pts during surgery |
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| nerve conduction velocity |
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Definition
| electrical shock of peripheral nerves to record time of conduction; used to diagnose various peripheral nervous system disorders |
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Definition
| recording of various aspects of sleep to diagnose sleep disorders |
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Definition
| introduction of a specialized needle into the spine in the lumbar region for diagnostic or therapeutic purposes, such as to obtain cerebrospinal fluid for testing; aka spinal tap |
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| magnetic resonance angiography |
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Definition
| use of MRI to image the blood vessels- usefull to detect artherosclerosis and thrombosis |
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Definition
| MRI to visualize the circle of Willis |
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Definition
| MRI of neck to visualize carotid artery |
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| SPECT brain scan (single photon emission computed tomography) |
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Definition
| scan combining nuclear medicine and computed tomography technology to produce images of the brain after administration of radioactive isotopes |
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| position emission tomography |
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Definition
| combo of nuclear medicine and CT scan to produce images of the brain anatomy and corresponding physiology- study stroke, Alzheimer's, epilepsy, metabolic brain disorders; provides greater accuracy than SPECT, but used less often due to cost and limited availability of radioisotopes |
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Definition
| x-ray of blood vessels in brain after injection of contrast media |
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| x-ray of spinal cord after intraspinal injection of contrast media |
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| test performed to observe the body's response to a stimulus |
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Definition
| involuntary contraction after percussion at tendon indicating function |
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Definition
| pathological response to stimulation of the plantar surface of the foot; positive if toes dorsiflex |
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Definition
| image made by sending ultrasound beams through skull to asses blood flow in intracranial vessels- diagnostic approach to stroke and head trauma |
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Definition
| excision of part of the skull to approach the brain |
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Definition
| incision into the skull to approach the brain |
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Definition
| removal of a herniated disk often done percutaneously |
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Definition
| excision of one or more laminae of the vertebrae to approach the spinal cord |
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Definition
| flattened posterior portion of the vertebral arch |
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Definition
| utilization of a microscope to dissect minute structures during surgery |
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Term
| neuroendovascular surgery |
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Definition
| diagnosis and treatment of disorders within cerebral blood vessels performed in a specialized angiographic lab by interventional neuroradiologists |
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Definition
| surgical repair of a nerve |
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Definition
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Definition
| treatment of malignancies, infections, and other diseases with chemical agents that destroy selected cells or impair their ability to reproduce |
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Definition
| treatment of neoplastic disease using ionizing radiation to impede proliferation of malignant cells |
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Term
| stereotactic (stereotaxic) radiosurgery |
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Definition
| radiation treatment to inactivate malignant lesions involving the focus of multiple, precise external radiation beams on a target with the aid of a stereotactic frame and imaging such as CT, MRI, or angiography |
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Definition
| mechanical devise used to localize a point in space targeting a precise site |
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Definition
| dissolution of thrombi using drugs- used to treat acute ischemic stroke |
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Definition
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Definition
| agent that has calming effect |
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Definition
| emotional feeling or mood |
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Definition
| significantly dulled emotional tone or outward reaction |
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Definition
| lack of interest or display of emotion |
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Definition
| state of unresponsiveness to one's outside environment, usually including muscle rigidity, staring, and inability to communicate |
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Definition
| persistent belief that has no basis in reality |
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Definition
| person's false belief that he or she possesses great wealth, intelligence, or power |
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Definition
| person's false belief that someone is plotting against him or her with intent to harm |
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Definition
| restless, dissatisfied mood |
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Definition
| exaggerated, unfounded feeling of well-being |
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Definition
| false perception of the senses for which there is no reality, most commonly hearing or seeing things |
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Definition
| formation of thoughts or ideas |
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Definition
| state of abnormal elation and increased activity |
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Definition
| psychological condition in which anxiety is prominent |
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Definition
| mental condition characterized by disorientation of reality, resulting in the inability to communicate or function within one's environment |
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Definition
| thought that lacks clear processing or logical direction |
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Definition
| disorder causing periodic disturbances in mood that affect concentration, sleep, activity, appetite, and social behavior; characterized by feelings of worthlessness, fatigue, and loss of interest |
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Term
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Definition
| milder affective disorder characterized by a chronic depression persisting for at least 2 years |
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Term
| manic depression (bipolar disorder) |
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Definition
| affective disorder characterized by mood swings of mania and depression |
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Term
| seasonal affective disorder |
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Definition
| affective disorder marked by episodes of depression that most often occur during the fall and winter and remit in the spring |
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Term
| generalized anxiety disorder |
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Definition
| most common, characterized by chronic, excessive, and uncontrollable worry about everyday problems that affects the ability to relax or concentrate but does not usually interfere with social interactions or employment; physical symptoms: muscle tension, trembling, twitching, fatigue, headaches, nausea, and insomnia- symptoms need to exist for at least 6 months |
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Definition
| disorder of sudden, recurrent attacks of intense feelings including physical symptoms that mimic a heart attack such as rapid heart rate, chest pain, shortness of breath, chills, sweating, and dizziness, with a general sense of loss of control or feeling that death is imminent; often progresses to agoraphobia |
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Definition
| exaggerated fear of a specific object or circumstance that causes anxiety and panic; named for the object or circumstance, such as agoraphobia, claustrophobia, or acrophobia |
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Term
| obsessive compulsive disorder |
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Definition
| anxiety disorder featuring unwanted, senseless obsessions accompanied by repeated compulsions, which can interfere with all aspects of a person's daily life |
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Term
| posttraumatic stress disorder |
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Definition
| condition resulting from an extremely traumatic experience, injury, or illness that leaves the sufferer with persistent thoughts and memories if the ordeal |
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Term
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Definition
| preoccupation with thoughts of disease and concerns that one is suffering from a serious condition that persists despite medical reassurance to the contrary |
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Definition
| developmental disability commonly appearing during the first 3 years of life, resulting from a neurological disorder affecting brain function, evidenced by difficulties with verbal and nonverbal communication, and an inability to relate to anything beyond oneself in social interactions; individuals with autism often exhibit body movements such as rocking, repetitive hand movements, and commonly become preoccupied with observing parts of small objects or moving parts or performing meaningless rituals |
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Definition
| developmental disability characterized by a difficulty understanding written or spoken words, sentences, or paragraphs, affecting reading, spelling, and self expression |
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Term
| attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder |
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Definition
| dysfunction characterized by consistent hyperactivity, distractibility, and lack of control over impulses, which interferes with the ability to function normally at school, home, or work |
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Definition
| condition of subaverage intelligence characterized by an IQ of 70 or below, resulting in the inability to adapt to normal social activities |
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Definition
| severe disturbance in eating behavior caused by abnormal perceptions about one's body weight, evidenced by an overwhelming fear of becoming fat that results in a refusal to eat and body weight well below normal |
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Term
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Definition
| eating disorder characterized by binge eating followed by efforts to limit digestion through induced vomiting, use of laxatives, or excessive exercise |
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Term
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Definition
| mental disorders resulting from abuse of substances such as drugs, alcohol, or other toxins causing personal and social dysfunction; identified by abused substance |
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Definition
| disease of brain chemistry causing a distorted cognitive and emotional perception of one's environment characterized by a broad range of "positive" and "negative" symptoms |
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Term
| disorganized schizophrenia |
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Definition
| featuring disorganized speech, behavior, and flat or inappropriate affect |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| featuring delusions, most often persecutory or grandiose types |
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Definition
| concurrent with major depression or manic depression |
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Term
| electroconvulsive therapy |
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Definition
| electrical shock applied to the brain to induce convulsions; used to treat severely depressed patients |
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Term
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Definition
| use of specialized illuminating light boxes and visors to treat seasonal affective disorder |
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Term
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Definition
| treatment of psychiatric disorders using verbal and nonverbal interaction with patients, individually or in a group, employing specific actions and techniques |
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Term
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Definition
| treatment to decrease or stop unwanted behavior |
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Term
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Definition
| treatment to change unwanted patterns of thinking |
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Term
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Definition
| medications used to treat mental illness |
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Term
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Definition
| drugs to treat psychosis, especially schizophrenia |
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Term
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Definition
| attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder |
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Term
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Definition
| amyotrophic lateral sclerosis |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| electroconvulsive therapy |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| generalized anxiety disorder |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| magnetic resonance angiography |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| nerve conduction velocity |
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Term
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Definition
| obsessive compulsive disorder |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| position emission tomography |
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Term
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Definition
| peripheral nervous system |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| pottraumatic stress disorder |
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Term
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Definition
| reflex sympathetic dystrophy |
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Term
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Definition
| seasonal affective disorder |
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Term
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Definition
| single photon emission computed tomography |
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Term
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Definition
| transient ischemic attack |
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|
