Term
| What are some conditions that can lead to exudative pleural effusions? |
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Definition
Parapneumonic
Malignant neoplasm
Pulmonary embolism
Tuberculosis |
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Term
| What are some conditions that can lead to transudative pleural effusions? |
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Definition
Congestive heart failure
Hypoproteinemia
Nephrotic syndrome
Cirrhosis
Pulmonary embolism |
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Term
| What are some signs and symptoms of a pleural effusion? |
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Definition
Dyspnea
Pleuritic Chest Pain
Nonproductive Cough
Fever
Dullness to percussion
Decreased tactile fremitus
Decreased breath sounds |
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Term
| What is shown on a CXR if the pt has a pleural effusion? |
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Definition
Blunting of the costophrenic angle on PA
Blunting of the posterior gutter on lateral view
Lateral decubitus film to “layer” effusion |
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Term
| How is a pleural effusion determined to be exudative or transudative? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are some sign, symptoms and PE findings with a pneumothorax? |
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Definition
Acute onset
chest pain
dyspnea
decreased breath sounds
Hyperresonation to percussion
w/tension pneumo tracheal and mediastinal shift to contralateral side |
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Term
| How is a Pneumothorax diagnosed? |
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Definition
CXR
Needle Decompression (Relief of air) |
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Term
| With a pneumothorax, what shows on the CXR? |
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Definition
Visceral pleura is separated from chest wall
Lack of vascular markings in this area |
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Term
| What procedure can be done to prevent recurrent pneumothorax? |
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Definition
| Pleurodesis - artificial obliteration of the pleural space |
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Term
| What procedure can be done to prevent recurrent pneumothorax? |
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Definition
| Pleurodesis - artificial obliteration of the pleural space |
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Term
| What are the signs and symptoms of a tension pneumo? |
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Definition
Decreased/absent breath sounds on affected side
Tracheal deviation toward unaffected side
Dyspnea
Tachypnea
Unequal chest rise |
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Term
| How is a needle thoracostomy performed? |
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Definition
| Large bore needle into 2nd intercostal space on affected side |
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Term
| What are the specific risk factors of a PE? |
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Definition
Immobilization
Post-Op States
Chronic Venous Insufficiency
Use of OCs
Obesity
CA or Chemotherapy
Post-partum states
Indwelling Central Venous Catheter |
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Term
| What do thrombi release into circulation and what does this cause? |
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Definition
| Release chemical mediators into circulation, causing bronchoconstriction of small airways and vasoconstriction of pulmonary arteries and arterioles which causes increased pulmonary vasoconstriction |
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Term
| What are some Physical exam findings of a Pulmonary Embolism? |
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Definition
Tachycardia
Tachypnea
Rales
Increased S2 |
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Term
| What is the cause of hyaline membrane disease? Who does it effect? What is it also known as? |
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Definition
Cause: insufficient amounts of surfactant
Most common problems of premature infants
aka - Respiratory Distress Syndrome (RDS) |
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Term
| What are the signs and symptoms of Hyaline Membrane Disease? |
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Definition
Respiratory difficulty at birth that gets progressively worse
Cyanosis
Flaring nostrils
Tachypnea
Grunting sounds with breathing
Chest retractions |
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Term
| How will hyaline membrane disease appear on CXR? |
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Definition
| "Ground glass" appearance |
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Term
| What are the findings on ABG with hyaline membrane disease? |
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Definition
| lowered amounts of oxygen and increased carbon dioxide |
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Term
| What are the findings on EKG for hyaline membrane disease? |
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Definition
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