Term
| Which glands are modified sebaceous glands that secrete outer lipid layer to the tear film? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which muscle elevates the lid? What nerve innervates it? |
|
Definition
| Superior Palpebral Levator; CN III |
|
|
Term
| What muscle closes the eyelid? What nerve innervates it? |
|
Definition
| Orbicularis Oculi; CN VII |
|
|
Term
| Which cells in the conjunctiva secrete mucin? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which gland is responsible for secreting aqueous tears along with accessory glands in conjunctiva? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the drainage ducts of the eyes? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which structure drains tears into the inferior meatus of the nose? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the function of the aqueous layer of tear film? |
|
Definition
| Antimicrobial function and washes away debris |
|
|
Term
| What is the function of the lipid layer of the tear film? |
|
Definition
Lubricates eyelids
retards evaporation of aqueous layer |
|
|
Term
| What is the function of the mucin layer of the tear film? |
|
Definition
| converts hydrophobic surface of cornea to hydrophilic surface (for better wet ability) |
|
|
Term
| What is the function of the sclera stroma? |
|
Definition
| gives eye strength and flexibility |
|
|
Term
| What is the structure that maintains the shape of the globe and provides attachment of extraocular muscles? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What fibers hold the lens in place? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the aqueous fluid produced by? Where does it drain? |
|
Definition
| Ciliary Body; Drains through the trabecular meshwork and into the Sclem's canal |
|
|
Term
| What is the function of the lens? |
|
Definition
| Allows for accommodation which help focus images close to observer |
|
|
Term
| How does the lens accommodate? |
|
Definition
contraction of the ciliary body
causes zonules to loosen
causing the lens to bulge and accommodate |
|
|
Term
| What happens to the vitreous humor with aging? |
|
Definition
| With aging, reduction in hyaluronic acid causes loss of support to the collagen |
|
|
Term
| Which structure functions to nourish the retina and absorb excess light that passes through the retina? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which part of the retina are responsible for detailed vision as well as color vision? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which part of the retina are peripheral retinal receptors with great sensitivity to light? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What part of the eye contains the highest concentration of cones? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What condition is described as state of an eye where light rays are not properly focused on the retina === Thus, images are blurred? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What type of refractive error is described as difference in the refrative error between the two eyes, usually 2 D(diopters) or more? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which type of refractive error is described as any refractive error of these(myopia, hyperopia, astigmatism)? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Are corrective lenses needed for Emmetropia? |
|
Definition
| No, b/c there is no problem with far vision. |
|
|
Term
| Which type of lenses do you use to correct Hyperopia? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which lenses do you use to correct Myopia |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What does aniscoria mean? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| WBCs in the anterior chamber |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| blood in the anterior chamber |
|
|
Term
| What condition is characterized by acute loss of vision, Cloudy vision, Eye ache and/or headache, Increased IOP (can be up to 50), Nausea and vomiting? |
|
Definition
| Acute Angle Closure Glaucoma |
|
|
Term
| What is the MOST common cause of acute angle glaucoma? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
[image]
Which condition is this? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What two categories of meds are used to tx Acute Angle Glaucoma? |
|
Definition
Topical alpha-agonists
Topical beta blockers
Carbonic Anhydrase Inhibitors
Prostaglandin Analogs
Miotic Agents |
|
|
Term
| With sx of painful rapid vision loss, especially with eye movement and color vision changes(dyschromatopsia) what condition do you suspect? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What simple test can you use to detect visual changes in optic neuritis? Describe the visual changes obvious with this test. |
|
Definition
| Red eye test: look at dark red object w/both eyes, bad eye = sees lighter red/pink object vs the good one |
|
|
Term
| Which condition has sx including sudden, profound, painless, monocular vision loss, with preceding episodes of amaurosis fugax and “cherry red spot” area of macula? |
|
Definition
| Central Retinal Artery Occlusion |
|
|
Term
| What are the causes of Central Retinal Artery Occlusion? |
|
Definition
Giant cell arteritis
Vasculitis(lupus)
Sickle cell
Trauma
Patients may also have underlying Dx of Atrial fibrillation |
|
|
Term
| How quickly can irreversible damage from Central Retinal Artery Occlussion Occur? |
|
Definition
| irreversible damage in 90 minutes or less of a total occluded vessel |
|
|
Term
| Which condition has sx including painless, rapid loss of vision, monocular, with optic disc edema, retinal hemorrhages in all quadrants (Called "blood-and-thunder fundus”), cotton wool spots in all 4 quadrants on funduscopic exam? |
|
Definition
| Central Retinal Vein Occlusion |
|
|
Term
[image]
What does this picture show? |
|
Definition
| Show a "cherry red spot" characteristic of Central Retinal Artery Occlusion |
|
|
Term
[image]
What does this picture show? |
|
Definition
-
-
- "Blood and thunder fundus" with cotton wool spots and retinal hemorrhages. Characteristic of Central Retinal Vein Occlusion
|
|
|
Term
| What condition is Giant Cell (Temporal) Arteritis associated with? |
|
Definition
| PMR (polymyalgia rheumatica) |
|
|
Term
| What condition presents with sudden, unilateral painless vision loss, dyschromatopsia, headache, fever, malaise, scalp tenderness, temporal artery tenderness, weight loss, jaw claudication, amaurosis fugax, diplopia, PMRheum(joint pains), eye pain? |
|
Definition
| Giant Cell (temporal) Arteritis |
|
|
Term
| What test is important to run if you suspect Giant Cell (temporal) Arteritis? What are the normal values? |
|
Definition
ESR
ESR > [patients age/2] in men
ESR > [patients age +10/2] in women |
|
|
Term
| What condition is described as break in retina that allows vitreous fluid access to subretinal space? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What term describes a temporary loss of vision in one eye/both eyes due to a block of blood flow to the retina, lasting seconds to minutes and is described as a "shade" or "curtain" coming down? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are some causes of a vitreal hemorrhage? |
|
Definition
| Retinal break, ruptured retinal artery aneurysm, diabetic causation, trauma, retinal angioma, HTN causation, radiation causation, sickle cell et al |
|
|
Term
| What condition is characterized by signs and symptoms such as sudden onset of floaters/decreased vision, decreased visual acuity, poor/no view of fundus, absent red reflex? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| In a patient with vitreous hemorrhage, in what position should they recover? |
|
Definition
| Resting in bed with head of bed elevated |
|
|
Term
[image]
What condition is shown in the picture above? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What condition is described as Inflammation of the anterior uvea? Which condition is described as Inflammation of the ciliary body? |
|
Definition
Iritis = Inflammation of the anterior uvea
Cyclitis = Inflammation of the ciliary body |
|
|
Term
| What condition has characteristic signs and symptoms including exudation of blood cells and proteins into the anterior chamber? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the most common causes of iritis? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
[image]
What condition is shown in this picture? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the most common organisms that cause corneal ulcerations? |
|
Definition
Pseudomonas A.
Staph. A.
Staph Epid,
Strep. Pneumo,
H. Flu,
Morax. Catarr, et al.. |
|
|
Term
| What are the risk factors for developing corneal ulcerations? |
|
Definition
contact lenses
trauma
dry eyes
lid abnormalities |
|
|
Term
| What condition is described as Destruction of corneal tissue(epithelium/stroma) by inflammation from infection? |
|
Definition
| Corneal Ulcer (aka - infectious Keratitis) |
|
|
Term
[image]
What condition does the picture above show? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the most common risk factor for cataracts? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which type of cataract is described as yellow or brown discoloration of central part that blurs distant vision more than near vision (may even have improvement in near vision)? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which type of cataract is described as opacities near posterior aspect of lens that has signs and sx including glare and difficulty reading (near vision decreases) common that is commonly caused by diabetes, trauma, radiation, and inflammation? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which type of cataract is described as Radical or spokelike opacities that are often asymptomatic (until develops centrally)? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the most common complaint upon presentation with the dx of cataracts? |
|
Definition
| Glare with oncoming headlights |
|
|
Term
| What condition is described as partial disruption if the zonular fibers; the lens is decentered but remains partially in the pupillary aperture? |
|
Definition
| Subluxation (Lens Dislocation - Partial) |
|
|
Term
| What condition is described as complete disruption of the zonular fibers; the lens is displaced out of the pupillary aperture? |
|
Definition
| Dislocation (Complete lens dislocation) |
|
|
Term
| What are the associated risk factors of Lens dislocation? (What is the most common?) |
|
Definition
Trauma - Most Common
Marfan Syndroma
Homocystinuria
Acquired Syphilis
High Myopia |
|
|
Term
| What condition is described as having signs and sx including decreased vision, monocular diplopia, decentered or displaced lens, quivering of the iris, quivering of the lens, marked astigmatism, cataract, Asymmetry of the anterior chamber and acute-angle glaucoma? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
[image]
What condition is shown in the picture above? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What familial condition should you always check for if lens dislocation occurs? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What instrument must you use to examine the direction of lens dislocation? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which diseases put pts at high risk for vitreous detachment? |
|
Definition
| Diabetic retinopathy, Sickle Cell Disease, Intraocular tumor, Age related macular degeneration |
|
|
Term
| What condition has signs and sx including painless loss of vision, sudden appearance of black spots and flashing lights, floaters, absent red reflex and inability to visualize fundus? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What term means loss of half the visual field? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What term means visual field loss on the same side in both eyes? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What term means an area of reduced or absent vision within an otherwise intact visual field? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What term means the unequal size of the pupils? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| With an optic nerve lesion, will the visual field loss be ipsilateral or contralateral? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What term means bilateral optic disc edema? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What does papilledema indicate? |
|
Definition
| Elevated intracranial pressure |
|
|
Term
| What are some causes of papilledema? |
|
Definition
Intracranial mass
Impediment of Cerebrospinal Flow
Idiopathic Intracranial HTN |
|
|
Term
| What condition is characterized by signs and symptoms including HA, N/V, transient episodes of vision loss (associated with postural changes), pulsatile tinnitus, horizontal diplopia? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What can chronic papilledema lead to? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Is papilledema found unilaterally or bilaterally? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| In obese females, what underlying condition is the most likely cause of papilledema? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
[image]
What condition is shown in the picture above? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the first step in evaluation of papilledema? What are some other tests or evaluation studies that should also be done? |
|
Definition
Take BP;
Lumbar puncture
MRI w/ Contrast |
|
|
Term
| Which conditions is Ischemic Optic Neuropathy associated with? |
|
Definition
HTN
DB
CAD
Vasculopathic Conditions |
|
|
Term
| Is ischemic Optic Neuropahty bilateral or unilateral? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What type of hemorrhages are associated with Ischemic Optic Neuropathy? |
|
Definition
| "Flame-Shaped Hemorrhages" |
|
|
Term
[image]
Which condition is this picture showing? |
|
Definition
| These are the flame shaped hemorrhages, associated with ischemic Optic Neuropathy. |
|
|
Term
| What disease results from the demyelination of the optic nerve that can be the result of multiple sclerosis or postviral origin? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What condition has sx including unilateral vision loss, pain with eye movement, transient neurologic disturbances and spontaneous recovery? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
[image]
What condition is indicated by the picture above? |
|
Definition
| Shown in the pic is an inflamed optic disc characteristic of optic neuritis |
|
|
Term
| What condition can cause third nerve palsy? |
|
Definition
Ischemic mononeuropathy
Trauma
Elderly pts with HTN
Vasculitis
Compression by aneurysm, tumor or herniation |
|
|
Term
| What condition has signs and sx including droopy eyelid (ptosis), diplopia, HA or periorbital pain, eye turned down and out, deficiency in EOMs, and dilated pupil? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which condition causes signs and sx including vertical/oblique diplopia, objects appear tilted, heel tip may be present, eye down not depress well when adducted? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which condition has signs and sx including horizontal diplopia, HA or periorbital pain, esotropia, abduction deficit, pt may adopt head turn position? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which type of nystagmus is described as Eye slowly drifts in one direction (slow phase) then Quickly returns to original position (fast phase)? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which type of nystagmus is described as Drift occurs at equal speed in all phases in a smooth back and forth motion? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the causes of acquired nystagmus? |
|
Definition
Visual Loss
Toxic/Metabolic
CNS Disorder
Nonphysiologic |
|
|
Term
| What is the triad associated with Spasmus nutans? |
|
Definition
Nystagmus
Head Nodding
Torticollis |
|
|
Term
| What occurs with the Oculocephalic reflex? |
|
Definition
| Eyes move in opposite direction of head turn |
|
|
Term
| What syndrome has sx of small pupil that responds slowly or not at all to light with accommodation and convergence that is retained? |
|
Definition
| Argyll Robertson Syndrome |
|
|
Term
| What condition is Argyll Robertson Syndrome associated with? |
|
Definition
| Neurosyphillis; especially tabes dorsalis and other diseases of the CNS |
|
|
Term
| Which type of pupil is described as dliated pupil, reacts poorly to light, react better to accommodation, no ptosis, and associated with loss of DTRs? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What nerve is defect in the Adie's tonic pupil? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How do you confirm Dx of Adie's tonic pupil? |
|
Definition
| With administration of pilocarpine, an Adie's pupil will constrict where normal pupils would not! |
|
|
Term
| What are the 3 signs of Horner's Syndrome? |
|
Definition
Ptosis (Ipsilateral)
Pupillary Miosis (Constricted Pupil)
Facial Anhidrosis (Inability to sweat) |
|
|
Term
| Describe a Marcus Gunn Pupil Reaction. |
|
Definition
Light is shone in the abnormal eye
Pupil of the affected eye paradoxically dilates b/c Brain is not receiving the message properly |
|
|
Term
| What is a Mild APD (Marcus Gunn Rxtn)? |
|
Definition
| Slight constriction of affected eye (not as much as unaffected eye) |
|
|
Term
| What is a Severe APD (Marcus Gunn Rxtn)? |
|
Definition
| Dilation of the affected pupil |
|
|
