Term
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Definition
| Anti-diuretic hormone (ADH), secreted by the posterior pituitary |
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Term
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Definition
| Also known as adenohypophysis. Disorders can result from primary problems arising within the gland itself, or secondary problems in the hypothalamus that change function. |
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Term
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Definition
| Deficiency of one or more anterior pituitary hormones, resulting in metabolic problems and sexual dysfunction |
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Term
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Definition
| Rare condition in which production of all of the anterior pituitary hormones is decreased |
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Term
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Definition
| Hormones (FSH and LH) that stimulate the ovaries and testes to produce sex hormones |
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Term
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Definition
| Fragile bones, caused by GH deficiency |
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Term
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Definition
| Absence of menstrual periods, caused by gonadotropin deficiency |
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Term
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Definition
| Painful intercourse, caused by gonadotropin deficiency |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| Deficient Growth Hormone Manifestations |
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Definition
Decreased bone density
Pathologic fractures
Decreased muscle strength
Increased serum cholesterol levels |
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Term
| Deficient Gonadotropins Manifestations |
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Definition
Women
-Amenorrhea
-Anovulation
-Low estrogen levels
-Breast atrophy
-Loss of bone density
-Decreased axillary and pubic hair
-Decreased libido
Men
-Decreased facial hair
-Decreased ejaculate volume
-Reduced muscle mass
-Loss of bone density
-Decreased body hair
-Decreased libido
-Impotence |
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Term
| Deficient TSH Manifestations |
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Definition
Decreased thyroid hormone levels
Weight gain
Intolerance to cold
Scalp alopecia
Hirsutism
Menstrual abnormalities
Decreased libido
Slowed cognition
Lethargy |
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Term
| Deficient Adrenocorticotropic Manifestations |
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Definition
Decreased serum cortisol levels
Pale, sallow complexion
Malaise and lethargy
Anorexia
Postural hypotension
Headache
Hypoglycemia
Hyponatremia
Decreased axillary and pubic hair |
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Term
| Deficient Vasopressin Manifestations |
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Definition
Diabetes insipidus
-Greatly increased urine output
-Low urine specific gravity
-Hypovolemia
-Increased plasma osmolarity
-Increased thirst
-Output does not increase with fluid intake |
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Term
| Management of hypopituitarism |
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Definition
| Focuses on replacement of deficient hormones |
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Term
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Definition
| Presence of male secondary sex characteristics |
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Term
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Definition
| Male breast tissue development |
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Term
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Definition
| Formation of blood clots in deep veins. Risk is increased during estrogen therapy. |
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Term
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Definition
| Hormone oversecretion that occurs with pituitary tumors or tissue hyperplasia. |
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Term
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Definition
| Benign tumor of one or more tissues within the anterior pituitary. Most common cause of hyperpituitarism. |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Excessive growth that occurs after puberty. Caused by overproduction of GH. |
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Term
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Definition
| Excessive growth that occurs before puberty. |
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Term
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Definition
| Elevated blood glucose levels. Can be caused by high GH levels. |
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Term
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Definition
| Joint pain. Caused by high GH levels. |
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Term
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Definition
| Results in sexual dysfunction and menstrual changes. |
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Term
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Definition
Imaging assessment
-Skull x-rays
-CT scans
-MRI scans
Suppression testing
-GH levels |
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Term
| PRL Hyperfunction Key Features |
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Definition
Hypogonadism
Decreased ganodtropin levels
Galactorrhea
Increased body fat
Increased serum prolactin levels |
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Term
| GH Hyperfunction (Acromegaly)Key Features |
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Definition
Folding of the scalp skin
Thickened lips
Coarse facial features
Increasing head size
Protrusion of the lower jaw
Deepening of the voice
Tufting of the fingertips
Enlarged hands and feet
Joint enlargement and pain
Kyphosis and backache
Barrel-shaped chest
Excessive sweating
Hyperglycemia
Airway narrowing
Sleep Apnea
Enlarged heart, liver, and lungs |
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Term
| ACTH Hyperfunction (Cushing's Disease) Key Features |
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Definition
Elevated plasma cortisol levels
Weight gain
Truncal obesity
Moon face
Extremity muscle wasting
Loss of bone density
Hypertension
Hyperglycemia
Purple striae
Acne
Thin, easily damaged skin
Hyperpigmentation |
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Term
| TSH Hyperfunction Key Features |
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Definition
Elevated plasma TSH levels
Elevated plasma thyroid hormone levels
Weight loss
Tachycardia and dysrhythmias
Heat intolerance
Increased GI motility
Fine tremors |
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Term
| LH and FSH Hyperfunction Key Features |
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Definition
Men
-Elevated LH and FSH levels
-Hypogonadism or hypergonadism
Women
-Normal LH and FSH levels |
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Term
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Definition
| Surgical removal of the pituitary gland and tumor |
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Term
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Definition
| Disorders of the posterior pituitary gland, and are related to a deficiency or excess of ADH (Vasopressin) |
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Term
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Definition
| Water metabolism problem caused by ADH deficiency |
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Term
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Definition
| Excessive water loss through urination |
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Term
| Nephrogenic diabetes insipidus |
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Definition
| Inherited disorder, in which the kidney tubules do not respond to the actions of ADH, which results in poor water reabsorption by the kidneys. |
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Term
| Primary diabetes insipidus |
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Definition
| Caused by a defect in the hypothalamus or pituitary gland, resulting in a lack of ADH production or release. |
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Term
| Secondary diabetes insipidus |
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Definition
| Can result from tumors in or near the hypothalamus or pituitary gland, head trauma, infectious processes, surgical procedures, or metastatic tumors. |
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Term
| Drug related diabetes insipidus |
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Definition
| Usually caused by lithium carbonate and demeclocycline. These drugs interfere with the kidneys response to ADH. |
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Term
| Diabetes Insipidus Manifestations |
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Definition
Hypotension
Decreased pulse pressure
Tachycardia
Weak peripheral pulses
Hemoconcentration
Increased urine output
Poor skin turgor
Dry mucous membranes
Increased sensation of thirst
Irritability
Decreased cognition
Hyperthermia
Lethargy to coma
Ataxia |
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Term
| Syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone (SIADH, Schwartz-Bartter Syndrome) |
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Definition
| Problem in which vasopressin is secreted even when plasma osmolarity is low or normal |
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Term
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Definition
Malignancies
-Small cell lung cancer
-Pancreatic, duodenal, and GU carcinomas
-Thymoma
-Hodgkin's lymphoma
-Non-hodgkin's lymphoma
Pulmonary Disorders
-Viral and bacterial pneumonia
-Lung abscesses
-Active TB
-Pneumothorax
-Chronic lung diseases
-Mycoses
-Possitive pressure ventilation
CNS Disorders
-Trauma
-Infection
-Tumors
-Strokes
-Porphyria
-Systemic lupus erythematosus
Drugs
-Exogenous ADH
-Chlorpropamide
-Vincristine
-Cyclophosphamide
-Carbamazepine
-Opiods
-Trcyclic antidepressants
-General anesthetics |
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Term
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Definition
| A decreased serum sodium level. Occurs in SIADH. |
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Term
| Signs of increased fluid overload |
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Definition
Bounding pulse
Increasing neck vein distension
Crackles in lungs
Increasing peripheral edema
Reduced urine output
(Monitor every 2 hours in SAIDH) |
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Term
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Definition
| Acute adrenocortical insufficiency. Life-threatening manifestations may appear without warning. |
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Term
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Definition
| Making glucose from proteins |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| Acute adrenal insufficiency (Addison's Crisis) |
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Definition
| A life threatening event in which the need for cortisol and aldosterone is greater than the available supply |
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Term
| Adrenal insufficiency (Addison's Disease) |
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Definition
| Classified as primary or secondary. |
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Term
| Causes of primary Addison's Disease |
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Definition
Idiopathic disease
Tuberculosis
Metastatic cancer
Fungal lesions
AIDS
Hemorrhage
Gram-negative sepsis
Adrenalectomy
Abdominal radiation therapy
Drugs and toxins |
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Term
| Causes of secondary Addison's Disease |
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Definition
Pituitary tumors
Postpartum pituitary necrosis
Hypophysectomy
High-dose pituitary radiation
High-dose whole-brain radiation |
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Term
| Adrenal insufficiency key features |
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Definition
Muscle weakness
Fatigue
Joint/muscle pain
Anorexia
Nausea/vomiting
Abdominal pain
Bowel changes
Weight loss
Salt craving
Vitiligo
Hyperpigmentation
Anemia
Hypotension
Hyponatremia
Hyperkalemia
Hypercalcemia |
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Term
| Adrenal gland laboratory test levels |
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Definition
Sodium
-Normal = 136-145 meq/L
-Hypofunction = Decreased
-Hyperfunction = Increased
Potassium
-Normal = 3.5-5.0 meq/L
-Hypofunction = Increased
-Hyperfunction = Decreased
Glucose
-Normal = 70-115 mg/dL
-Hypofunction = Normal to decreased
-Hyperfunction = Normal to increased
Calcium
-Normal = 9-10.5 mg/dL (total)4.5-5.6 mg/dL (ionized)
-Hypofunction = Increased
-Hyperfunction = Decreased
Bicarnonate
-Normal = 23-30 meq/L
-Hypofunction = Increased
-Hyperfunction = Decreased
BUN
-Normal = 10-20 mg/dL
-Hypofunction = Increased
-Hyperfunction = Normal
Cortisol
-Normal = 5-23 mcg/dL (AM)3-13 mcg/dL (PM)
-Hypofunction = Decreased
-Hyperfunction = Increased |
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Term
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Definition
| Hypersecration by the adrenal cortex |
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Term
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Definition
| Excessive mineralocorticoid production |
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Term
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Definition
| A tumor in the adrenal medulla, that causes hyperstimulation and results in excessive secretion of catecholamines |
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Term
| Conditions causing increased cortisol secretion |
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Definition
Cushing's Disease
-Bilateral adrenal hyperplasia
-Pituitary adenoma increasing the production of ACTH
-Malignancies
-Adrenal adenomas or carcinomas
Cushing's Syndrome
-Therapeutic use of ACTH or glucocortidoids for treatment of
---Asthma
---Autoimmune disorders
---Organ transplantation
---Cancer chemotherapy
---Allergic responses
---Chronic fibrosis |
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Term
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Definition
| Endogenous Secretion. Pituitary and/or adrenal. |
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Term
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Definition
| Exogenous Administration. Caused by drug therapy for another problem. |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Scant or infrequent menses |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| Hypercortisolism key features |
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Definition
Fat redistribution
-Moon face
-Buffalo hump
-Truncal obesity
Weight gain
Hypertension
Increased risk for thrombosis
Frequent dependent edema
Capillary fragility
Muscle atrophy
Osteoporosis
Thinning skin
Striae
Increased pigmentation
Increased risk for infection
Decreased immune function
Decreased inflammatory responses
Manifestations of infection |
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Term
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Definition
| Removal of the pituitary gland |
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Term
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Definition
| Removal of the adrenal gland |
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Term
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Definition
| Increased secretion of aldosterone with mineralcorticoid excess |
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Term
| Primary Hyperaldosteronism (Conn's syndrome) |
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Definition
| Results from excessive secretion of aldosterone from one or both adrenal glands, usually caused by a benign adrenal adenoma. |
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Term
| Secondary Hyperaldosteronism |
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Definition
| Excessive secretion of aldosterone is caused by high levels of angiotensin II that are stimulated by high plasma renin levels. |
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Term
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Definition
| Excessive urination at night. Caused by hyperaldosteronism |
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Term
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Definition
| Excessive fluid intake. Caused by hyperaldosteronism |
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Term
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Definition
| Sensations of numbness and tingling. Caused by hyperaldosteronism |
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Term
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Definition
| Increases potassium levels to prepare the patient for adrenal surgery. |
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Term
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Definition
| Catecholamine-producing tumor that arises in the adrenal medulla |
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