Term
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Definition
| Extensive, irreversible scarring of the liver, usually caused by chronic reaction to hepatic inflammation and necrosis |
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Term
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Definition
Hepatitis C
Alcoholism
Biliary Obstruction |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| The liver is scarred but can still perform essential functions without causing major symptoms |
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Term
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Definition
| Liver function is impaired with obvious manifestations of liver failure |
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Term
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Definition
| Can lead to portal hypertension, ascities, esophageal varices, coagulation defects, jaundice, PSE with hepatic coma, hepatorenal syndrome, spontaneous bacterial peritonitis |
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Term
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Definition
| Portal systemic encephalopathy |
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Term
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Definition
| A persistent increase in pressure within the portal vein greater than 5 mm Hg. Results from increases resistance to or obstruction of the flow of blood through the portal vein and its branches |
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Term
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Definition
| Spleen enlargement. Caused by blood flowing back into the spleen caused by portal hypertension |
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Term
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Definition
| The collection of free fluid within the peritoneal cavity caused by increased hydrostatic pressure from portal hypertension |
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Term
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Definition
| Esophageal veins become distended and tortuous from increased pressure due to blood backing up from the liver due to portal hypertension. Can cause hematemesis and melena. |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| Portal hypertensive gastropathy |
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Definition
| Slow gastric mucosal bleeding occurs. Can occur with or without esophageal varices. |
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Term
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Definition
| Enlarged spleen. Results from the backup of blood in the spleen. An enlarged spleen destroys platelets, causing thrombocytopenia and increased risk for bleeding. |
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Term
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Definition
| Yellowish coloration of the skin. Caused by either hepatocellular disease or intrahepatic obstruction in cirrhosis patients. |
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Term
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Definition
| Also known as portal-systemic encephalopathy (PSE). Complex cognitive syndrome that results from liver failure and cirrhosis. Presents as mental status changes, sleep disturbances, and speech problems. |
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Term
| Hepatic Encephalopathy Causing Factors |
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Definition
| These factors lead to HE in cirrhosis patients: high-protein diet, infections, hypovolemia (decreased fluid volume), hypokalemia (decreased serum potassium), constipation, GI bleeding, drugs |
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Term
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Definition
Stage 1 - Prodromal
Stage 2 - Impending
Stage 3 - Stuporous
Stage 4 - Comatose |
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Term
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Definition
| Liver inflammation caused by direct toxic effect of alcohol on hepatocytes |
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Term
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Definition
| Occurs as a result of obstruction of the bile duct, usually from gallbladder disease or an autoimmune form of the disease called primary biliary cirrhosis (PBC) |
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Term
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Definition
| Fatigue, significans change in weight, anorexia, vomiting, abdominal pain, liver tenderness. |
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Term
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Definition
| Round pinpoint red-purple lesions |
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Term
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Definition
| Large purple blue or yellow bruises |
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Term
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Definition
| Warm and bright red palms of the hands |
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Term
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Definition
| Vascular lesions with a red center and radiating branches on the nose, cheeks, upper thorax, and shoulders |
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Term
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Definition
| Liver enlargement. Occurs in many cases of early cirrhosis. |
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Term
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Definition
| Distinctive breath odor of chronic liver disease and hepatic encephalopathy and is characterized by a fruity or musty odor |
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Term
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Definition
| Enlarged breasts. Occurs with liver dysfunction. |
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Term
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Definition
| Coarse tremor characterized by rapid, nonrhythmic extensions and flexions in the wrists and fingers |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| Esophagogastroduodenoscopy (EGD) |
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Definition
| Allows for direct visualization of the upper GI tract and to detect the presence of bleeding or oozing esophageal varices, stomach irritation and ulceration |
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Term
| Endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) |
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Definition
| Uses the endoscope to inject contrast material via the sphincter of Oddi to view the biliary tract and allow for stone removals |
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Term
| Spontaneous bacterial peritonitis (SBP) |
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Definition
| Can occur in patients with ascites from bacteria in collected ascitic fluid |
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Term
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Definition
| Procedure in which a drain is inserted into the abdomen to remove ascitic fluid from the peritoneal cavity |
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Term
| Endoscopic variceal ligation (EVL) |
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Definition
| AKA banding. A procedure that involves the application of small O bands around the base of he varices to decrease the blood supply to the varices. |
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Term
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Definition
| Also known as Endoscopic sclerotherapy. Varices are injected with a sclerosing agent via a catheter to stop bleeding. |
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Term
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Definition
| Widespread inflammation of liver cells |
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Term
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Definition
| Results from an infection and is caused by one of the five major categories of viruses |
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Term
| Five Major Categories of Hepatitis Virus |
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Definition
Hepatitis A
Hepatitis B
Hepatitis C
Hepatitis D
Hepatitis E |
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Term
| Toxic and Drug Induced Hepatitis |
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Definition
| Can result from exposure to hepatotoxins such as industrial toxins, alcohol, and drugs. |
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Term
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Definition
| RNA virus of the enterovirus family. It is a hardy virus and survives on human hands. Resistant to detergents and acids but is destroyed by chlorine and high temps. |
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Term
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Definition
| Double shelled particle containing DNA composed of 2 core antigens, and a surface antigen. It is transmitted by bodily fluids |
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Term
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Definition
| Can infect others even though they are not sick and have no obvious signs of hepatitis |
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Term
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Definition
| Enveloped, single stranded RNA virus. Transmission is blood to blood. |
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Term
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Definition
| Caused by a defective RNA virus that needs the helper function of hepatitis B. Transmitted primarily by parenteral routes. |
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Term
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Definition
| Causes a waterborne infection associated with epidemics in the Indian subcontinent, Asia, Africa, the Middle East, Mexico, and Central and South America |
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Term
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Definition
| Severe acute and often fatal form of hepatitis caused by failure of the liver cells to regenerate, with progression of the necrotic process |
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Term
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Definition
| Usually occurs as a result of Hepatitis B or C. Lasts longer than 6 months. |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Caused by the accumulation of fats in and around the hepatic cells. It may be caused by alcohol abuse, or other factors. |
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Term
| Types of Fatty Liver Disease |
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Definition
Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease (NAFLD)
Nonalcoholic Steatohepatitis (NASH) |
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Term
| Causes of Fatty Liver Disease |
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Definition
Diabetus Mellitus
Obesity
Elevated Lipid Profile |
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Term
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Definition
| Occurs when bacteria invade the liver. |
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Term
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Definition
| Caused by Entamoeba Histolytica, which may occur after amebic dysentery |
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Term
| Manifestations of Hepatic Abscesses |
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Definition
| RUQ pain, anorexia, weight loss, nausea, vomiting, fever, chills, weakness, malaise, shoulder pain, dyspnea, pleural pain |
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