Term
| What is the differences between delirium and dementia? |
|
Definition
Delerium = acute onset, appear sleepy (LOC impaired),
Dementia = Chronic, worsening overtime, LOC unimpaired but pt is confused |
|
|
Term
| Which type of aphasia is receptive? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which type of aphasia is caused by a frontal lobe lesion? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which type of aphasia is described as expressive? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which type of aphasia is caused by a post/temporal lobe lesion? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| If a pt presents who can't repeat what's heard, has fluent but unintelligible speech and is unaware of their deficit, what condition do you suspect? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| If a pt presents who understands what is said, but speaks few words and has multiple pauses in speech, and they are aware of their deficit, what condition should you suspect? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| If a pt cannot redraw the clock face or intersecting shapes on their MMSE, what lobe is affected? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the treatment for delirium caused by alcohol withdrawl? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What med should be used to treat delirium tremens? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What endocrine conditions can cause delirium? |
|
Definition
Hyper/Hypothyroidism
Hypoglycemia
Hyperglycemia |
|
|
Term
| If a pt presents with acute delirium, paresthesia and has a + Chvostek's and Trousseu's sign, what do you suspect? How do you treat this condition? |
|
Definition
| Hypocalcemia; Treat using IV Ca Gluconate (monitor for seizures) |
|
|
Term
| If a pt presents with delirium, HA/N/V and signs of dehydration, what condition do you suspect? How do you treat it? |
|
Definition
| Hyponatremia; Treat with IV hypertonic saline |
|
|
Term
| If a pt presents with delirium, has fruity breath and a history of diabetes type 1, what condition should you suspect? How is it treated? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| If pt presents with acute delirium, signs of dehydration, and a history of Type 2 diabetes, what condition should you suspect? How is it treated |
|
Definition
| HONK - Hyperosmolar Hyperglycemic Non-Ketotic Coma; Treated with IVF & Insulin |
|
|
Term
| If a pt presents with acute delirium, is tachycardiac and profusely sweating, and has a history of diabetes and is on insulin, what condition should you suspect? How is it treated? |
|
Definition
| Hypoglycemia; Treated with IV Dextrose |
|
|
Term
| If a pt presents with acute delirium and opthalmoplegia (weakness or paralysis of eye muscles), nystagmus and ataxia, what condition should you suspect? How is it treated? |
|
Definition
| Wernicke's Encephalopathy; Give thiamine then glucose bolus |
|
|
Term
| What nutritional deficiency can cause acute delirium and mild confusion that can lead to dementia or psychosis if left untreated? In what populations of pts is this deficiency MC? |
|
Definition
Vitamin B12 deficiency
Common in pts with abnormal GI absorption - Crohn's disease, pernicious anemia, atrophic gastritis, Gastric Bypass surgery, Celiac Disease
Alcoholics and Vegetarians may also be deficient |
|
|
Term
| If a pt presents with acute delirium, asterixis (intermittent lapse of assumed posture or position), seizures, and coagulation d/o, what condition do you suspect? How do you treat it? |
|
Definition
Hepatic Encephalopathy (accumulation of ammonia due to LF)
Treated with lactulose and fix coagulopathy |
|
|
Term
| If a pt presents with acute delirium who is on dialysis, what condition should you suspect? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| If a pt presents with photphobia, fever, papilledema, N/V, changes in mental status, toxic appearance and stiff neck, what condition should you suspect? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the symptom triad for meningitis? |
|
Definition
| Fever, Nuchal Rigidity and Mental Status changes |
|
|
Term
| Which physical diagnosis tests are used to aid in the diagnosis of Meningitis? |
|
Definition
| Kernig's and Brudzinski's |
|
|
Term
| What is the MC cause of Meningitis? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What will a CSF sample show if bacterial meningitis is present? |
|
Definition
cloudy
Increased protein
Decreased glucose
High WBCs |
|
|
Term
| What will a CSF sample show if viral meningitis is present? |
|
Definition
Low WBCs with Lymphocytes
Glucose/Protein NL |
|
|
Term
| What is the treatment for meningitis? |
|
Definition
Antibiotics STAT if bacterial
ABCs
Fluid
Tylenol (to tx fever)
Acyclovir if viral |
|
|
Term
| If a pt presents with a change in mental status/personality, hemiparesis, seizing, autonomic dysfunction, ataxia and dysphagia, what condition should you suspect? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the MC cause of encephalitis? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the MC fatal cause of Encephalitis? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the treatment for primary Encephalitis? |
|
Definition
Acyclovir
ABCs
Nutrition
Diuresis (Mannitol)
Treat Hyperpyrexia (Tylenol etc) |
|
|
Term
| What is the difference between primary and secondary encephalitis? |
|
Definition
Primary = directly invades the brain
Secondary = an infection spreads to the CSF from another part of the body |
|
|
Term
| Which species causes cerebral malaria? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| If a pt presents with seizures, neuro deficits, increased CSF pressure, increased protein, and increased monocytes and organisms are seen on blood smear, what condition should be suspected? |
|
Definition
| Cerebral Malaria - caused by Plasmodium species |
|
|
Term
| What is the treatment of cerebral malaria based on? |
|
Definition
| based on geography (where the infection was picked up) |
|
|
Term
| Which grade of concussion is described as no LOC, and confusion lasting less than 15 min? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which grade of concussion is described as no LOC and confusion lasting for 15 min or longer? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which grade of concussion is described as a LOC followed by confusion? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the MC cause of dementia? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the major symptom of AD? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| If a pt presents with complaints of forgetting where they parked etc, they are disoriented to time and their spouse has noticed changes in their behavior, with all of this worsening gradually, what condition should you suspect? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What stage of AD has symptoms including abnormalities in short term memory, hesitant speech, apraxia, and shuffling? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which stage of AD is described as having symptoms including paranoia, hallucinations, delusions, primitive reflexes, and mute/bedbound? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What stage of AD is described as having symptoms including social skills lost, psych problems, seizures, rigid/bradykinesias, grasp/suck reflexes, myoclonus, UI, spasticity, hemiparesis and death? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What will you see on MRI with AD? |
|
Definition
| enlarged ventricles, cerebral atrophy and widened sulci |
|
|
Term
| What will you see on PET with AD? |
|
Definition
| diminished temporal lobe activity |
|
|
Term
| What is the treatment for Mild/Moderate AD? |
|
Definition
| Acetylcholinesterase Inhibitors: Donezepil, rivastigmine, galantamine |
|
|
Term
| What is the treatment for severe AD? |
|
Definition
| Acetylcholinesterase Inhibitors AND ADDING MEMANTINE (Glutomate r. agonist) |
|
|
Term
| What are some Alternate therapies for AD? |
|
Definition
Vitamin E
Antioxidants
Gingko Biloba |
|
|
Term
| Where are the inclusions in Lewy Bodies? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| If a pt presents with gradual memory loss, gait and balance disorders (Parkinsonian features), hallucinations, delusions and episodic delirium, what condition do you suspect? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What drugs should be avoided with pts who have Lewy Body Dementia? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the triad of changes in the brain that occur with AD? |
|
Definition
| Tangles, Cortical Atrophy and amyloid plaques |
|
|
Term
| What are the characteristic brain changes associated with Lewy body dementia? |
|
Definition
| Diffuse cortical neuronal involvement w/Lewy Body Inclusions |
|
|
Term
| If a pt presents with mild memory loss, slowed thinking, walking/balance problems, dysarthria and dysphagia, with emotional lability (depression, irritability, or apathy) that seem to be progressing step-wise, what is your diagnosis? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the risk factors for vascular dementia? |
|
Definition
| HTN, Heart Dz, Smoking, Alcoholism, hyperlipidemia |
|
|
Term
| How is vascular dementia treated? |
|
Definition
CCB
Anti-Platelet Meds
Exercise
Good Diet
Cholinesterase Inhibitors and Glutamate Receptor Agonists (Memantine) |
|
|
Term
| What is seen on MRI with Vascular Dementia? |
|
Definition
| Subcortical Lucencies known as Lacunar infarcts |
|
|
Term
| Which type of movement disorder is described as rhythmic oscillatory movement accentuated with voluntary motor activity? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| When is an intentional tremor present? |
|
Definition
| during movement, but not at rest |
|
|
Term
| When is a resting tremor present? |
|
Definition
| occurs when limb is at rest |
|
|
Term
| What type of movement disorder is described as rapid, irregular muscle jerks that occur involuntarily and unpredictably? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which type of movement disorder is described as abnormal movements that are slow, sinuous and writhing in character? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What type of movement disorder is described as sustained muscle contraction, frequently causing twisting and repetitive movements or abnormal postures? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the movements characteristic of focal dystonia? |
|
Definition
| torticollis, blepharospasm, writer's cramp |
|
|
Term
| Which type of mvement disorder is described as SUDDEN onset of sustained muscle contractions, frequently causing twisting and repetitive movements or abnormal postures? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What condition is chorea commonly associated with? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What condition is Acute dystonia commonly associated with? |
|
Definition
| Commonly presents early in the tx for schizophrenia |
|
|
Term
| What is the treatment for acute dystonia? |
|
Definition
D/C offending med
Anticholinergic Drug
Diphenhydramine
ADMIT to ICU |
|
|
Term
| What movement disorder is described as difficulty or slowness in performing voluntary movements? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which movement disorder is described as sudden, rapid, twitch-like contractions? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the development of tardive dyskinesia associated with? |
|
Definition
| Long-term treatment with anti-psychotic meds (dopamine receptor blockers or with metaclopramide - raglan) |
|
|
Term
| Which type of myoclonus is described as movements associated with some seizures? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which type of myoclonus is described as movements brought on by epilepsy, or head injury, stroke etc? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What type of Myoclonus is associated with hepatic encephalopathy? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the treatment for myoclonus? |
|
Definition
| anti-convulsants (valproic acids) and benzos (clonazepam) |
|
|
Term
| What movement disorder is described as sudden, recurrent, quick, coordinated movements and suppression of movements? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What condition are tics normally associated with? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| If a pt presents with a tremor of both of their hands that only impedes their ability to perform fine or delicate tasks, but has no other neurological signs present, what condition is suspected? |
|
Definition
| Familial/Benign Essential Tremor |
|
|
Term
| What is the treatment for a Benign Essential Tremor? |
|
Definition
Small quantitity of alcohol
Propranolol |
|
|
Term
| What condition is clinically defined as resting tremor, cogwheel rigidity, Akinesia/bradykinesia and impairment of postural reflexes? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the pathology of Parkinson's? |
|
Definition
| damage to the substantia nigra w/cell loss in basal ganglia that cause an increase in GABA output which disrupts the balance of GABA and Ach /in the Basal Ganglia |
|
|
Term
| If a pt presents with slower walking, a tremor with hands resting in lap, c/o muscle stiffness and a slowing of every day movements such as eating and dressing, what condition should you suspect? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the treatment for Parkinson's Dz? |
|
Definition
Dopamine Replacement: Carbidopa, Levidopa (helps with bradykinesis and rigidity)
Anticholinergics: Benztropine (helps with rigidity and tremor |
|
|
Term
| What is the preferred treatment of Parkinson's for young pts or those with mild disease? |
|
Definition
| Dopamine agonists (bromocriptine) |
|
|
Term
| If a pt in their 30's presents w/gradual onset of involuntary movements, changes in personality and behavior, cognitive impairment, what condition should you suspect? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the treatment for Huntington's? |
|
Definition
Haloperidol (may help with movements)
Reserpine
SSRI's |
|
|
Term
| Which movement disorder is related to a hx of rheumatic fever, grp A strep or polyarthritis? |
|
Definition
| St. Vitus Dance or Syndenham's Chorea |
|
|
Term
| What are the causes of primary restless leg syndrome? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the causes of secondary restless leg syndrome? |
|
Definition
| Iron deficiency, Pregnancy, Neuro Lesions, Uremia, certain meds |
|
|
Term
| If a pt presents with c/o not being able to sleep because she feels like she needs to constantly move her legs? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the treatment for Restless Leg Syndrome? |
|
Definition
Stretching/ Mental alerting activities/avoid aggravating factors
Dopaminergic Agents (Pramipexole - Mirapex)
Gabapentin
Benzos
Opioids |
|
|
Term
| What prodrome accompanies syncope? |
|
Definition
| lightheadedness, tunnel vision, pallor, sweating, nausea, malaise |
|
|
Term
| What is the #1 concern with syncope? |
|
Definition
| Whether is is a cardiovascular cause or not |
|
|
Term
| What are the differences between syncope and seizure? |
|
Definition
| With syncope there is NO post-ictal state |
|
|
Term
| What is the MC trigger for seizures? |
|
Definition
| Not taking meds as instructed |
|
|
Term
| What are the types of primary seizures? |
|
Definition
Benign febrile convulsions of childhood
Epilepsy
Head Trauma
Stroke/TIA
Mass Lesions |
|
|
Term
| What are the causes of secondary seizures? |
|
Definition
Hyperosmolar States
Hypocalcemia
Hypoglycemia
Hyponatremia
Uremia |
|
|
Term
| What is the first line imaging for seizure diagnosis in an ER setting? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are life-threatening seizure conditions usually related to? |
|
Definition
hemorrhage
brain swelling
mass effect |
|
|
Term
| Which seizure pts do not require emergent imaging? |
|
Definition
| Pts with previously diagnosed epilepsy |
|
|
Term
| What test is preferred in the diagnosis of seizure pts if the pt is stable? |
|
Definition
| MRI is preferred as they have a greater sensitivity for detecting abnormalities |
|
|
Term
| What is the best test for a first time seizure pt who is stable? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is status epilepticus? |
|
Definition
| Prolonged seizure activity for greater than 30 minutes |
|
|
Term
| What is the treatment for status epilepticus? |
|
Definition
Thiamine (alcoholism)
Diazepam or Lorazepam |
|
|
Term
| What can anti-convulsant meds cause? How should these conditions be monitored? |
|
Definition
hematologic or hepatic toxicity
Monitored with CBCs, LFTs at 2 wks, 1 mon, 3 mon, 6 mon, and every 6 mon. following |
|
|
Term
| With which category of seizures is there a LOC? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the MC type of seizure category? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the first line treatment for partial seizures? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the 6 types of generalized seizures? |
|
Definition
Absence Seizures
Tonic/Clonic Seizures
Myoclonic Seizures
Atonic Seizures
Clonic Seizures
Tonic Seizures |
|
|
Term
| What are the three types of partial seizures? |
|
Definition
Simple Partial
Complex Partial
Simple partial that develops into generalized seizure |
|
|
Term
| If pt has no LOC, but experiences clonic movements of a single muscle group in his leg, what type of seizure do you suspect? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| If a pt presents with a report of an event in which he had olfactory hallucinations, and amnesia after the event and his mom reported that he kept picking at his clothes and wouldn't respond, what type of seizure would you suspect? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the treatment for absence seizures? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| If a pt's parent presents with c/o their child seems to lapse into dazes where they blink their eyes rapidly and they cannot be aroused, but their posture remains constant and the child is unaware of the event, what type of seizure would you suspect? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which type of seizure is described as a sudden, brief lapse in consciousness without a loss of postural control in which the pt may exhibit a blank stare or rapid blinking? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which type of seizure is described as involving both hemispheres of the brain and induces major motor events including jerking of the extremities and the pt has a LOC and a postictal period? |
|
Definition
| Tonic/Clonic Seizures (aka Grand Mal) |
|
|
Term
| Which type of tonic/clonic seizure is described as sudden shock-like contractions localized to a few muscles or a limb? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which type of tonic/clonic seizure is described as sudden loss of muscle tone with loss of body posture? |
|
Definition
| Atonic Seizures (drop attacks) |
|
|
Term
| Which type of tonic/clonic seizure is described as slow single or multiple sharp , repetitive jerking movements of arms, legs or torso? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which type of tonic/clonic seizure is described as a sudden increase in muscle tone (stiffening) of face and upper body, flexion of arms and extension of legs? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
What are the physiologic effects of seizures lasting under 15 min?
HR
BP
sugar
Temp
Addit. |
|
Definition
Tachycardia
Elevated BP
Hyperglycemia
Elevated Temp
leukocytosis |
|
|
Term
What are the physiologic effects of seizures lasting between 15 - 30 min?
HR
BP
Addit. |
|
Definition
Dysrhythmias
hypotension
hypoglycemia
Pulmonary edema |
|
|
Term
What are the physiologic effects of seizures lasting more than 1 hr?
BP
Addit. |
|
Definition
hypotension w/decreased cerebral blood flow
disruption of BBB leading to cerebral edema |
|
|
Term
| What is the gold standard for diagnosing seizures? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the DOC for Tonic/Clonic seizures? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| If an infant presents with an earache and a fever of 104 has a seizure, what type of seizure do you suspect? What is the prognosis? |
|
Definition
| Febrile Seizure; typically benign |
|
|
Term
| What condition is described as irresistible sleep attacks and episodic muscular atonia? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| If a pt presents with c/o having attacks of extreme tiredness and weakness for a prolonged period of time, what condition would you suspect? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the treatment for narcolepsy? |
|
Definition
Nap therapy
CNS Stimulants (Methylphenidate, d-amphetamine) |
|
|
Term
| What is the diagnostic test of choice for narcolepsy? What will it show? |
|
Definition
| Confirmed with sleep studies, abnormal REM waves while awake |
|
|
Term
| What term means "unarousable unresponsiveness"? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What term means midway between alertness and coma? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| If a pt presents with impaired response to external stimulus and third nerve palsy with ipsilateral fixed and dilated pupil, what condition should you suspect? |
|
Definition
| Transtentorial Herniation |
|
|
Term
| What does an absent or asymptomatic oculocephalic reflex in a comatose patient mean? |
|
Definition
| An absent or asymmetrical reflex implies brain stem dysfunction |
|
|
Term
| What does an absent or asymmetric response to caloric testing in a comatose pt mean? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What therapies should be tried in a comatose pt? |
|
Definition
Thiamine (Wernicke's Encephalopathy)
Dextrose (hypoglycemia)
Naloxone (reversal of opiate) |
|
|
Term
| What are the cardinal signs of brain death? |
|
Definition
Coma/unresponsiveness (no response to painful stimuli)
Absence of brainstem reflex (fixed pupils, oculocephalic, gag, grimacing)
Apnea (No respiratory attempts even with PCO2 > 60mmHg) |
|
|
Term
| What term means a sudden, focal interruption of cerebral blood flow resulting in neurological deficits? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the main risk factor for ALL stroke types? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the pathology of HTN leading to strokes? |
|
Definition
| HTN leads to thickening of the vessel resulting in lacunar infarcts |
|
|
Term
| What are the risk factors for stroke? |
|
Definition
HTN
Smoking
Diabetes
A-Fib
High Cholesterol
Preceding TIA |
|
|
Term
| Which type of stroke is due to an infarction from a disruption of blood supply? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which type of stroke is due to ruptured blood vessels and local blood collection? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the two types of ischemic strokes? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the MC type of stroke? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the types of hemorrhagic strokes? |
|
Definition
Intracerebral
Subdural/Subarachnoid |
|
|
Term
| Which type of hemorrhagic stroke is described as bleeding within the brain tissue? |
|
Definition
| Intracerebral hemorrhagic |
|
|
Term
| Which type of hemorrhagic stroke is described as a mass lesion that results in elevated ICP? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the causative factor of thrombolytic strokes? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| If a pt has a stroke that had an abrupt onset with progression to maximal deficits over minutes to hours, onset during sleep, or a stepwise progression with gradual improvement over days to weeks, what type of stroke would you suspect? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| If a pt has an abrupt onset stroke and rapid improvement, what type of stroke should you suspect? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are most deaths that occur within 1 week of stroke event caused by? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| If a pt has stroke symptoms including amaurosis fugax, horner's syndrome, hemiparesis, hemisensory loss, slurred speech, transient aphasia, what artery is affected? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| If a pt has stroke symptoms including abulia (spontaneous lack of concern that something is wrong), contralateral grasp reflex, sucking reflex, weakness of leg (legs affected more than arms), and apraxia, what artery is affected? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| If a pt present s/p stroke and has severe disability, homonymous hemianopsia, global aphasia, gaze deviated toward infarcted hemisphere, which artery is affected? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| If a pt presents with stroke symptoms including memory deficit, unformed visual hallucinations, paralysis of eye movement, alexia without agraphia, thalamic syndrome (Sensory los, athetosis- weird movement), what artery is affected? |
|
Definition
| Posterior Cerebral Artery |
|
|
Term
| If a pt has stroke symptoms including BINOCULAR visual disturbances, drop attacks, vertigo, tinnitus, N/V, numbness around face and lips, what artery is affected? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the only approved therapy for an ischemic stroke? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the contraindications to TPA therapy? |
|
Definition
Bleeding d/o
Hx of ICH
Evidence of hemorrhage on head CT
Sx suggestive of SAH event even w/CT w/in NL
Stroke or head trauma in the past 3 months
Uncontrolled HTN
Pregnant/Lactating
LP w/in last 7 days
MI in past 3 months
Medical surgery in past 14 days |
|
|
Term
| How should high BP with ischemic strokes be controlled? |
|
Definition
| If SBP is over 220 or DBP is over 120 then use labetalol to slightly decrease BP |
|
|
Term
| If a pt presents with the worst HA they have ever had with rapid deterioration over a few hours, what stroke do you suspect? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is a subarachnoid hemorrhagic stroke usually due to? |
|
Definition
| usually due to ruptured cerebral artery aneurysm or AVM (Atrial Venous Malformation) |
|
|
Term
| If a pt presents with the worst HA of their life, LOC, neck stiffness, non-focal neurologic symptoms, what type of stroke should you suspect? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What type of diagnostic studies should be done for a hemorrhagic stroke? |
|
Definition
Non-Contrast CT - hemorrhage appears white
MRI - center of hemorrhage is white with dark periphery |
|
|
Term
| When is an LP indicated for a hemorrhagic stroke? What are the positive findings? |
|
Definition
| Indicated if CT is neg, but hemorrhagic stroke is suspected; Xanthochromia or yellow CSF develops approx 4 hrs after hemorrhage |
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Term
| How should BP with a hemorrhagic stroke be addressed? |
|
Definition
| Addressed with IV Nitroprusside, Nicardipine or Labetalol if SBP is btwn 140 - 160mmHg |
|
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Term
| What are the three most predictive exam findings for an acute stroke? |
|
Definition
1) Asymmetric Facial Weakness
2) Arm drift/Weakness
3) Abnormal Speech (dysarthria) |
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|
Term
| What is the best diagnostic test for an emergent stroke? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are TIAs indicative of? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the treatment of a TIA? |
|
Definition
TPA
Antiplatelet Therapy (Ticlopine is better than ASA) |
|
|
Term
| What is the #1 prevention of strokes? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What med can be used to control the hyperlipidemia risk factor for strokes? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What med can be used to control the risk of a-fib for stroke? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| If a pt presents with c/o presyncope, neurological deficits in hand, and on physical exam their is a difference is BP between arms, what condition should you suspect? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the most serious cause of an acute HA? |
|
Definition
Subarachnoid Hemorrhage
Meningitis/Encephalitis |
|
|
Term
| What are some of the causes of subacute HA? |
|
Definition
Giant Cell Arteritis
Brain Tumor
Pseudotumorcerebri
Trigeminal neuralgia
Post-herpetic neuralgia |
|
|
Term
| If a pt presents with a chronic HA that has worsened over the past months, that is worse in the morning and with exertion or valsalva, and has associated symptoms including NV and an aura accompanying their HA, what condition should you suspect? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How is a brain tumor diagnosed? |
|
Definition
CT w/contrast
Biopsy to confirm |
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