Term
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Definition
| Cardiac output x peripheral resistance |
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Term
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Definition
| Heart rate x stroke volume |
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Term
| Normal, prehypertention, stage 1, stage 2 |
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Definition
| N: <120/<80, pre: 120-139/80-90, stage 1: 140-159/ 90-99, stage 2: >160/>100 |
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Term
| Primary HTN (aka essential) |
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Definition
| no known cause associated risk, over age of 60, family hx obesity, innactivity hyper lipid, aa, smoking, stress. |
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Term
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Definition
| associated with kidney disease, adrenal gland, steroids, estrogen, brain tumors |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| HTN treatment rule of 3's MDBP |
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Definition
| 3: months, drugs, behaviors, partners. |
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Term
| Use multiple drugs to treat HTN if: |
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Definition
| AA, BP 20/10 above the goal, Standing BP above the goal in pt over 65, not at goal after 3 months. |
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Term
| Thiazide diuretic, name, action |
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Definition
| Hydroclorothiazide, Prevent sodium and water re- absorption in the kidney, K waster. |
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Term
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Definition
| Lasix, decrease NA re-absorbtion,K wasting. |
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Term
| Potassium sparing Diuretic name/ action |
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Definition
| Sprironolactone, Retain K, not as potent. |
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Term
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Definition
| Weak, cramping, palpitations, N/V, Constipation, polydypsea, polyurea, LOC changes. |
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Term
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Definition
| bradycardia, ecg changes, weakness, tingling, paralysis. |
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Term
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Definition
| blosck conversion of angio 1 to angio 2, angio 2 is a vasoconstrictor, leads to vasodilation. PRILS. |
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Term
| ADRs, testing, teaching ace? |
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Definition
| Check electrolytes, BUN and Creatinine before and 1 week after starting. Cough, HypoTN, Hyper K, and acute renal failure. |
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Term
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Definition
| Angiotension 2 recpetor blockers, Hozar and losartin. |
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Term
| Calcium channel blockers name and action |
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Definition
| Cardizem, Kalim, block calcium channels, peripheral vasodilation. |
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Term
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Definition
| HyperKalemia, cough, hypotention. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Monitor lites and liver/kidney (creatinine) |
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Term
| Calcium channel blockers teaching |
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Definition
| Avoid with Grapefruit juice. |
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Term
|
Definition
| renin inhibitor for lowering BP. |
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Term
| centrally acting drugs for HTN |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| indure, minipress, isobid, nirtopress, nitropresside. |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| statins do what to ldl and hdl |
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Definition
| lovers ldl nothing for hdl |
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Term
| high trig you can add what? |
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Definition
| nicotinic acids: fibrinic acid or niacin |
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Term
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Definition
| combo drug, inhibits cholesterol in the intestines. |
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Term
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Definition
| muscle cramos, abd discomfort, liver injury |
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Term
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Definition
| eat with food, puritis, flushing, gout |
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Term
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Definition
| depends on movement of electrolites, ability of the heart to contract |
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Term
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Definition
| ability to spontaneously depolerize |
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Term
|
Definition
| ability of cell to depolarize, respond to stimuli |
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Term
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Definition
| ability to transfer energy from one cell to another |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| amount of blood pump out at end of diastole. usually around 50% |
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Term
| marker dependent on preload |
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Definition
| BNP, released by ventricals with increased filling pressure. |
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Term
| what can BNP be used to distinguish |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| protien from animal products |
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Term
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Definition
| amount of blood ejected by the left ventricle on each contraction. |
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Term
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Definition
| difference between systolic and diastolic, should be 30-40 |
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Term
| PR interval prolonged means what? What could cause |
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Definition
| Impluse took longer to get from Sa to Av, electolyte imbalance (hypoK, hypocalc?) drugs |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| less than .12, greater than 4 |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| Little blocks on ecg worth how much time |
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Definition
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Term
| Big blocks on ECG worth how much time |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
0.12 < PR < 0.20
before the QRS, regular and go up not down (on lead 2) |
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Term
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Definition
Moderately slow conduction, prolong repolarization, prolong QT interval
slows heart rate. Pronestyl, quinadine |
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Term
| class 1a drugs are for what? |
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Definition
| pvc and atrial tachy/flutter/fib |
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Term
|
Definition
Shorten repolarization
Lidocaine! |
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Term
|
Definition
| pvc’s vtac vfib, CNS confusion, slurring, fine line between therapudic or toxic |
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Term
| Class 1C drugs, for what? |
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Definition
| vtac vfib pvc tamba core- blocks, bradycardai, makes heart failure worse |
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Term
| Class II Drugs, does what, examples, adrs |
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Definition
| Control dysrhythmias associated with increased rates by decreasing heart rate and conduction velocity, beta blockers. Olols! Bradycarida, broncho spasm and insomnia. |
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Term
| Class III Drugs, action, drug, adrs |
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Definition
| : Lengthen the absolute refractory period and prolong repolarization, Ameoderon (DA ONE) tacy dysrhythmias. Hpot, brady, makes some dysrethmias worse, liver tox, photo sensitivities |
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Term
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Definition
| Calcium channel blockers which decrease the action of the SA and AV nodes, , diltiazem varapamil, brady, hpot, worse heart failure, cause blocks. |
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Term
| other drugs for heart ryhthm issues |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| Digoxin, what's it do, adrs, s/s of tox |
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Definition
| decreased hr, increases force of contraction. Controls rate of resp. for atrial fib and flutter. Narrow safe dosage range, look it up and look at the s/s of over. Action is potentiated in hypokalemia |
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Term
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Definition
| Changes in LOC, palpitations, vision changes, edema, increased urine output |
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Term
|
Definition
| Bare down, stimulate Av and SA nodes |
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Term
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Definition
| synchronized with pt own heart rate. Rebooting compy. Vtach with a pulse |
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Term
| Defibrillation how it works, when use |
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Definition
| not synchronized, pulseless |
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Term
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Definition
| The sinus node remains the pacemaker of the heart but there is an increase or decrease in the rate outside of the normal ranges |
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Term
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Definition
| Stimulation of the sympathetic nervous system or inhibition of the parasympathetic secondary to activity, pain, drugs, fever…. |
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Term
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Definition
| Stimulation of parasympathetic or vagal stimulation, MI, drugs, exercise |
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Term
| Premature Atrial Complexes, causes? |
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Definition
Irritable atrial tissue allows something other than the SA node to become the pacemaker
Shape is different, occurs early, can be hidden, stress, anxiety, caffeine, nicotine, usually asymptomatic. No treatment needed unless secondary to heart failure. |
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Term
| Atrial Flutter looks like? caused by? |
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Definition
Rapid atrial depolarization at 250-400/minute (lots of “P” waves)
, saw tooth, Valve, hyper thyroid, paracardidits |
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Term
| Atrial Fibrillation, looks like, caused by? |
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Definition
| Rapid atrial impulses from multiple sources at a rate of 350-600/minute (no distinct “P” waves), , thromi, cardio myopathy |
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Term
| Premature Ventricular Complex looks like? Cause |
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Definition
Irritable ventricular cells, assume the role of pacemaker. Can be unifocal or multifocal
Depolarization occurs in a less efficient manner QRS complex is wider, different in appearance, and early
caffine, age, ischemia, electrolytes |
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Term
| Ventricular Tachycardia, looks like? |
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Definition
Irritable venticular cells firing at 140-180/minute
May be intermittent or sustained, may produce a pulse or be pulseless
Patient may be stable or compromised |
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Term
|
Definition
Chaos in the ventricles with multiple irritable foci. Can be “coarse” or “fine” but no identifiable wave forms
No actual ventricular contraction therefore no cardiac output, no pulse, fatal if untreated |
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Term
| Nitrates dilate venous or arterial |
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Definition
| cornerstone of treatment, dilates the venous system, higher dose dilates the arteries |
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Term
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Definition
| Troponin T and I, CK-MB, Myoglobin, D-Dimer |
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Term
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Definition
| myocardial muscle enzyme, indicates damage to cardiac muscle. Can see and detect in 3-4 hours, peaks in 24 hours and last 1-3 weeks. |
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Term
|
Definition
Predictable course over three days
Peaks 24 hours after chest pain
Two subforms increase sensitivity of diagnostic tests
detect 4-8 hours after |
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Term
|
Definition
| Earliest marker with rapid decline, 1-3 hours lasts 24 |
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Term
|
Definition
| - end product of thrombis formation and break down. Good to Dx risk, unstable plaque, CAD |
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Term
| ECG CHANGES IN Myocardial Infarct |
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Definition
ST segment elevation: Temporary (returns to normal in 1-6 weeks)
T wave inversion: Temporary(1-2 weeks)
Abnormal Q wave: Permanent(wider than .04 greater than 1/3 the height of the qrs. Happens within 3 weeks of MI) |
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Term
|
Definition
Normal unless during anginal episode
Variations (changes in ST or T wave conversion |
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Term
| Electron Beam Computed Tomography |
|
Definition
| detects calcium in the coronary arteries- dx for aterosclerosis. |
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Term
|
Definition
Exercise Tolerance v Pharmacological Stress
- dx, then see how the interventions have worked. Avoid Smoking, ETOH, and maybe cardiac meds on the day of test. Treadmill, bike, walk increase speed and resistance until up to the max desired HR, or until you get problems.
In people who are less mobile- they can get a medication induced stress test, dabutamine or adenosine.
After monitor till normal or admit you. |
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Term
| Myocardial Perfusion Imaging |
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Definition
Thallium scan
- radio isotope injected, uptake by cardiac muscle, areas that don’t show uptake indicate ischemia or cell death. In combo with stress test, or before or after they do a stent. |
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Term
|
Definition
Nitroglycerine
Morphine
Aspirin |
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Term
|
Definition
Fibrinolytics
Glycoprotein IIb/IIIa Inhibitors
Aspirin
Heparin |
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Term
| Fibrinolytics, drugs, when give, don't give to? |
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Definition
| target the fibrin compontent- tpa, rediplace. Have to be given within 6 hours of symprtoms. Contraindicated in recent major urgery or trauma, having a hemorragic strok, known bleeding disorder, malignent hypertention, pregnant, closed head injuries. |
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Term
| Surgical Procedures for mi? |
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Definition
Percutaneous Transluminal Coronary Angioplasty
Coronary Artery Bypass Grafting |
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Term
| Phase one of cardiac rehab |
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Definition
| from MI till discharge. Promote rest, ensure limited mobility, gradualy then ambulate up to 3 times a day |
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Term
|
Definition
| two 4 weeks to 6 months after discharge at home, increasing mobiliy |
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Term
|
Definition
| after 6 months, maintaining walking and exercising |
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Term
|
Definition
| think about what is up and down stream, up- lungs (not getting enough to the lungs) pulmonary symptoms, decrease in cardiac output |
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Term
|
Definition
| Edema, venous congestion. May not have pulmonary symptoms. Increase in central venous pressure. |
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Term
|
Definition
| cardiac output normal, but heart fails from increased demand. Like in sepsis |
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|
Term
| S/s of left sided failure |
|
Definition
| cough, pulmonary edema pink frothy spewtum, base crackles moving up, noct. Dyp, and orthopnea |
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Term
|
Definition
| decrease in CO loce, weakness, chest pain. Mostly upstream problems, edema, gi symp, N/V, liver failure, Jugular vine distention. Acites. |
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Term
|
Definition
ACE inhibitors
ARBs
Human B-Type Natriuretics |
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Term
|
Definition
Diuretics
Venous vasodilators (nitrates) |
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Term
|
Definition
Digitalis
Beta-adrenergic drugs |
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Term
| 3 things that influence the amount of damage |
|
Definition
| amount of anaerobic metabolism, collateral circulation, workload on the heart |
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Term
|
Definition
| inverted T wave (last 1-2 weeks) elevated ST interval (1-6 weeks) Q wave is 1/3 or over .4 the length of the QRS complex. |
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Term
|
Definition
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Term
|
Definition
| prothrombin time- measures values Coumadine 2-3x |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| partial prothrombin time, heparin, 1.5-2 x |
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|
Term
| Mitral Stenosis sounds symptoms |
|
Definition
Left, then right, sided heart failure symptoms
Diastolic murmur at the apex |
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|
Term
Mitral Insufficiency or Regurgitation
, cause |
|
Definition
Rheumatic heart disease primary cause
Back flow from the ventricle to the atria
Left, then right, sided failure
High pitched systolic murmur, possible S3 |
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Term
|
Definition
Often asymptomatic, common (5-10%)
Systolic click or murrmer |
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Term
|
Definition
Increase in afterload and left sided failure
CO becomes fixed and unable to meet demand
Harsh systolic crescendo/decrescendo murmur |
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|
Term
|
Definition
Reflux from aorta to ventricle
Left sided failure develops
Decrescendo diasltolic murmur |
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Term
|
Definition
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