Term
|
Definition
| Refers to rupture of an antheromatomous plaque in a diseased coronary artery, which rapidly forms on obstructive thrombus |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The amount of resistance to ejection of blood from the ventricle |
|
|
Term
| Apical impulse (point of maximum impulse) |
|
Definition
| Impulse normally palpated at the fifth inter coastal space, left midclavicular line; caused by contraction of the left ventricle |
|
|
Term
| atrioventricular (AV) node |
|
Definition
| Secondary pacemaker of the heart, located in the right atrial wall near the tricuspid valve |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Nerve fibers located in the aortic arch and carotid arteries that are responsible for reflex control of the blood pressure |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| An invasive procedure used to measure cardiac chamber pressures and assess patency of the coronary arteries |
|
|
Term
| Cardiac conduction system |
|
Definition
| Specialized heart cells strategically located throughout the heart that are responsible for methodically generating and conducting the transmission of electrical impulses to the myocardial cells |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Amount of blood pumped by each ventricle in liters per minute |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A test used to evaluate the functioning of the heart during a period of increased oxygen demand |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Ability of the cardiac muscle to shorten in response to an electrical impulse |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Electrical activation of a cell caused by the influx of sodium into the cell while potassium exits the cell |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Period of ventricular relaxation resulting in ventricular filling |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Percentage of the end-diastolic blood volume ejected from the ventricle with each heartbeat |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| Use of pressure monitoring devices to directly measure cardiovascular function |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Blood pressure that is persistently greater than 140/90 mm Hg |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A decrease in blood pressure to less than 100/60 mm Hg that compromises systemic perfusion |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Sounds created by abnormal, turbulent flow of blood in the heart |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Condition in which heart muscle cells receive less oxygen than needed |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Muscle layer of the heart responsible for the pumping action of the heart |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Sounds produced when the valves close; normal heart sounds are S1 (atrioventricular valves) and S2 (semi-lunar valves) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Abnormal diastolic sound generated during opening of a rigid AV valve leaflet |
|
|
Term
| Postural (orthostatic) hypotension |
|
Definition
| A significant drop in blood pressure (usually 10 mm Hg systolic or more) after an upright posture is assumed |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Degree of stretch of the cardiac muscle fibers at the end of diastole |
|
|
Term
| Pulmonary vascular resistance |
|
Definition
| Resistance to right ventricular ejection of blood |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Unstable atoms that emit small amounts of energy in the form of gamma rays; used in cardiac nuclear medicine studies |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Return of the cell to resting state, caused by reentry of potassium into the cell while sodium exits the cell |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The first heart sound produced by closure of the atrioventricular (mitral and tricuspid) valves |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The second heart sound produced by closure of the semilunar (aortic and pulmonic) valves |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| An abnormal heart sound detected early in diastole as resistance is met to blood entering either ventricle; most often due to volume overload associated with heart failure |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| An abnormal heart sound detected late in diastole as resistance is met to blood entering either ventricle during atrial contraction; most often caused by hypertrophy of the ventricle |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Primary pacemaker of the heart, located in the right atrium |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Amount of blood ejected from the ventricle per heartbeat |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The abnormal sound created during tachycardia by the presence of an S3 and S4 |
|
|
Term
| Systemic vascular resistance |
|
Definition
| Resistance to left ventricle ejection |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Period of ventricular contraction resulting in ejection of blood from ventricles into the pulmonary artery and aorta |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Abnormal systolic sound created by the opening of a calcified aortic or pulmonic valve during ventricular contraction |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The process of continuous electrocardiograph monitoring by the transmission of radio waves from a battery-operated transmitter worn by the patient |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Ability to initiate an electrical impulse |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Ability to respond to an electrical impulse |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Ability to transmit an electrical impulse from one cell to another |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a vibration or purring sensation that may be felt over areas where abnormal, turbulent blood flow is present. Best detected by using the palm of the hand |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| an abnormal or unpleasant sensation that results from injury to one or more nerves, often described by patients as numbness or as a prickly, stinging, or burning feeling |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| localized collection of clotted blood in the tissue |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| percutaneous coronary intervention |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| pink, frothy sputum is indicative of acute pulmonary edema |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a dry, hacking cough from irritation of small airways is common in patients with pulmonary congestion from HF |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a collapsed or airless condition of the lung |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the abnormal accumulation of fluid in the peritoneal cavity |
|
|
Term
| Brain (B-type) natriuretic peptide (BNP) |
|
Definition
| neurohormone that helps regulate BP and fluid volume |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the recurrence of of a stenotic condition as in a heart valve or vessel |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a temporary deficiency of blood flow to an organ or tissue. The deficiency may be caused by diminished blood flow either through a regional artery or throughout the circulation |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| transesophageal echocardiography |
|
|
Term
| Thallium 201 (TI^201) and technetium 99m (Tc^99m) |
|
Definition
| radioisotopes used in cardiac nuclear medicine studies that give off small amounts of energy in the form of gamma rays as they decay |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| indication that there is no perfusion in that area of the myocardium |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| abnormal accumulation of lipid deposits and fibrous tissue within arterial walls and the lumen |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| fibrous cap composed of smooth muscle cells that forms over lipid deposits within arterial vessels and protrudes into the lumen of the vessel, narrowing the lumen and obstructing blood flow; also called plaque |
|
|
Term
| acute coronary syndrome (ACS) |
|
Definition
| signs and symptoms that indicate unstable angina or acute myocardial infarction |
|
|
Term
| myocardial infarction (MI) |
|
Definition
| death of heart tissue caused by lack of oxygenated blood flow |
|
|
Term
| myocardial infarction (MI) |
|
Definition
| death of heart tissue caused by lack of oxygenated blood flow |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| predictable and consistent pain that occurs on exertion and is relieved by rest and/or nitroglycerin |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| (also called preinfarction angina or crescendo angina): symptoms increase in frequency and severity; may not be relieved with rest or nitroglycerin |
|
|
Term
| intractable or refractory angina |
|
Definition
| severe incapacitating chest pain |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| (also called Prinzmetal's angina): pain at rest with reversible ST-segment elevation; thought to be caused by coronary artery vasospasm |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| objective evidence of ischemia (such as electrocardiographic changes with a stress test), but patient reports no pain |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the area between the T wave and the next P wave |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| disorder of the formation or conduction (or both) of the electrical impulse within the heart, altering the heart rate, heart rhythm, or both and potentially causing altered blood flow (also referred to as arrhythmia) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| transmission of electrical impulses from one cell to another |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| process by which cardiac muscle cells change from a more negatively charged to a more positively charged intracellular state |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| process by which cardiac muscle cells return to a more negatively charged intracellular condition, resting their state |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| rate of impulse formation |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| force of myocardial contraction |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| part of an electrocardiogram (ECG) that reflects conduction of an electrical impulse through the atrium; atrial depolarization |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the part of an ECG that reflects conduction of an electrical impulse through the ventricles; ventricular depolarization |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the part of an ECG that reflects repolarization of the ventricles |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the part of an ECG that may reflect Purkinje fiber repolarization; usually it is not seen unless a patient's serum potassium level is low |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the part of an ECG that reflects conduction of an electrical impulse from the sinoatrial (SA) node through the atrioventricular (AV) node |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the part of an ECG that reflects the end of the QRS complex to the beginning of the T wave |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the part of an ECG that reflects the time from ventricular depolarization through repolarization |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| prolonged QT interval; a lethal ventricular dysrhythmia |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the part of an ECG that reflects the time between the end of the T wave and the beginning of the next P wave; used to identify the isoelectric line |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the duration between the beginning P wave and the beginning of the next P wave; used to calculate atrial rate and rhythm |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the duration between the beginning of one QRS complex and the beginning of the next QRS complex; used to calculate ventricular rate and rhythm |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| electrical activity of the heart initiated by the sinoatrial (SA) node |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| atrioventricular valve located between the right atrium and right ventricle |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| atrioventricular valve located between the left atrium and left ventricle |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| nondistensible fibrous strands connecting papillary muscles to atrioventricular (mitral, tricuspid) valve leaflets |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| semilunar valve located between the right ventricle and the pulmonary artery |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| semilunar valve located between the left ventricle and the aorta |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| backward flow of blood through a heart valve |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| narrowing or obstruction of a cardiac valve's orifice |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| stretching of an atrioventricular heart valve leaflet into the atrium during systole |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| localized sac or dilation formed at a weak point in the wall of the artery |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| also called essential hypertension; denotes high blood pressure from an unidentified cause |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| high blood pressure from an identified cause, such as renal disease |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| abnormal blood lipid levels, including high total, low-density lipoprotein, and triglyceride levels as well as low high-density lipoprotien levels |
|
|
Term
| isolated systolic hypertension |
|
Definition
| a condition mostly commonly seen in the elderly in which the systolic pressure is greater than 140 mm Hg and the diastolic pressure is within normal limits (less than 90 mm Hg) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| swelling of the optic disk |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| glomerular filtration rate (GFR) |
|
Definition
| flow rate of filtered fluid through the kidney, an indicator of renal function |
|
|
Term
| congestive heart failure (CHF) |
|
Definition
| a fluid overload condition (congestion) associated with heart failure |
|
|
Term
| acute decompensated heart failure |
|
Definition
| acute exacerbation of heart failure, with signs and symptoms resulting in markedly lower systemic perfusion |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| inability of the heart to pump sufficiently because of an alteration in the ability of the heart to contract; current term used to describe a type of heart failure |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the inability of the heart to pump sufficiently because of the alteration in the ability of the heart to fill; current term used to describe a type of heart failure |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| percentage of blood volume in the ventricles at the end of diastole that is ejected during systole; a measurement of contractility |
|
|
Term
| Left-sided heart failure (left ventricular failure) |
|
Definition
| Inability of the left ventricle ton fill or pump (empty) sufficient blood to meet the needs of the tissues for oxygen and nutrients; traditional term used to describe patient's symptoms of heart failure |
|
|
Term
| Right-sided heart failure (right ventricular failure) |
|
Definition
| Inability of the right ventricle to fill or pump (empty) sufficient blood to the pulmonary circulation |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Shortness of breath when laying flat |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Paroxysmal nocturnal dyspnea (PND) |
|
Definition
| Shortness of breath that occurs suddenly during sleep |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Diminished urine output; less than 500 mL/24 h |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Accumulation of fluid in the peritoneal cavity |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Temporary cessation of breathing |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Abnormal increase in clarity of transmitted voice sounds |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Direct examination of larynx, trachea, and bronchi using an endoscope |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Short hairs that provide a constant whipping motion that serves to propel mucus and foreign substances away from the lung toward the larynx |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Measure of the force required to expand or inflate the lungs |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Soft, high-pitched, discontinuous popping sounds during inspiration caused by delayed reopening of the airways |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Exchange of gas molecules from areas of high concentration to areas of low concentration |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Labored breathing or shortness of breath |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Abnormal change in tone of voice that is heard when auscultating lungs |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Vibrations of speech felt as tremors of the chest wall during palpation |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Expectoration of blood from the respiratory tract |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Decrease in arterial oxygen tension in the blood |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Decrease in oxygen supply to the tissues and cells |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Temporary absence of breathing during sleep secondary to transient upper airway obstruction |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Percentage of hemoglobin that is bound to oxygen |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Portion of the tracheobronchial tree that does not participate in gas exchange |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Blood flow through the pulmonary vasculature |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Gas exchange between atmospheric air and the blood between the blood and cells of the body |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Low-pitched wheezing or snoring sound associated with partial airway obstruction, heard on chest auscultation |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Harsh high-pitched sound heard on inspiration, usually without need of stethoscope, secondary to upper airway obstruction |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Abnormal rapid respirations |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Volume of air inspired and expired with each breath during normal breathing |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Movement of air in and out of airways |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Continuous musical sounds associated with airway narrowing or partial obstruction |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| additional (abnormal) sounds |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| alternative modes of speaking that do not involve the normal larynx; used by patients whose larynx has been surgically removed |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| impaired ability to use one's voice due to disease or injury to the larynx |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| agent that can cause caner; carcinogens can be chemicals, viruses, hormones, ionizing radiation, or solid materials |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| difficulties in swallowing |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| hemorrhage from the nose due to rupture of tiny, distended vessels in the mucous membrane of any area in the nose |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| cold sore (cutaneous viral infection with painful vesicles and erosions on the tongue, palate, gingiva, buccal membranes, or lips |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| surgical removal of all or part of the larynx and surrounding structures |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| inflammation of the larynx; may be caused by voice abuse, exposure to irritants, or infectious organisms |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| rebound nasal congestion commonly associated with overuse or over-the-counter nasal decongestans |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| stiffness of the neck or inability to bend the neck |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| inflammation of the throat; usually viral or bacterial in origin |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| inflammation of the mucous membranes of the nose; may be infectious, allergic, or inflammatory in origin |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| drainage of a large amount of fluid from the nose |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| inflammation of the nares and paranasal sinuses, including frontal, ethmoid, maxillary, and sphenoid sinuses; replaces the term "sinusitis" |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| inflammation of the tonsils, usually due to an acute infection |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| dryness of the mouth from a variety of causes |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| ostia of the frontal, maxillary, and anterior ethmoid sinuses |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| swelling and morbid change in lymph nodes; glandular disease |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| edema of the bulbular conjuctiva |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| device or medication for controlling hemorrhage or flow of blood |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| chronic inflammatory disease of the airways that causes airway hyperresponsiveness, mucosal edema, and mucus production |
|
|
Term
| acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) |
|
Definition
| nonspecific pulmonary response to a variety of pulmonary and nonpulmonary insults to the lung; characterized by interstitial infiltrates, alveolar hemorrhage, atelectasis, decreased compliance, and refactory hypoxemia |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| an umbrella term for hypoxemic, respiratory failure; acute respiratory distress syndrome is a severe form of acute lung injury |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| collapse or airless condition of the alveoli caused by hypoventilation, obstruction to the airways, or compression |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| abnormal accumulation of fluid in the pleural space |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| partial or complete collapse of the lung due to positive pressure in the pleural space |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| partial or complete collapse of the lung due to blood accumulating in the pleural space; may occur after surgery or trauma |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| bluish discoloration of the skin or mucous membranes due to hemoglobin carrying reduced amounts of oxygen |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| insertion of a needle into the pleural space to remove fluid that has accumulated and decrease pressure on the lung tissue; may also be used diagnostically to identify potential causes of pleural effusion |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| insertion of a needle through the chest wall to obtain cells of a mass or tumor |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| lung tissue that has become more solid in nature due to collapse of alveoli or infectious process (pneumonia) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| incomplete emptying of alveoli during expiration due to loss of lung tissue elasticity (emphysema), bronchospasm (asthma), or airway obstruction |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| chronic dilation of bronchus or bronchi; dilated airways become saccular and are a medium for chronic infection |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a disease of the airways defined as the presence of cough and sputum production for at least a combined total of 3 months in each of 2 consecutive years |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| disease state characterized by airflow limitation that is not fully reversible; sometimes referred to as chronic airway obstruction or chronic obstructive lung disease |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| an acid-base imbalance characterized by an increase in H+ concentration (decreased blood pH). A low arterial pH due to reduced bicarbonate concentration is called metabolic acidosis; a low arterial pH due to increased PCO2 is respiratory acidosis |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| physiologic pump that moved fluid from an area of lower concentration to one of higher concentration; requires adenosine triphosphate for energy |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| an acid-base imbalance characterized by a reduction in H+ concentration (increased blood pH). A high arterial pH with increased bicarbonate concentration is called metabolic alkalosis; a high arterial pH due to reduced PCO2 is respiratory alkalosis |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the process by which solutes move from an area of higher concentration to one of lower concentration; does not require expenditure of energy |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| maintenance of a constant interval equilibrium in a biologic system that involves positive and negative feedback mechanisms |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the pressure created by the weight of fluid against the wall that contains it. In the body, the occurance of this in blood vessels results from the weight of fluid itself and the force resulting from cardiac contraction |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a solution with an osmolality higher than that of serum |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a solution with the same osmalality as serum and other body fluids. Osmolality falls within normal range for serum (280 to 300 mOsm/kg) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a solution with an osmolality lower than that of serum |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the number of osmoles (the standard unit of osmotic pressure) per kilogram of solution. Expressed as mOsm/kg, osmolality is used more often than the term osmolarity to evaluate serum and urine |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the number of osmoles (the standard unit of osmotic pressure) per liter of solution. It is expressed as milliosmoles per liter (mOsm/L); describes the concentration of solutes or dissolves particles |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the process by which fluid moves across a semi-permeable membrane from an area of low solute concentration to an area of high solute concentration; the process continues until the solute concentrations are equal on both sides of the membrane |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| fluid tension within the extracellular fluid or intracellular fluid that describes the relationship between the solutes and water, primarily determined by fluid osmolarity |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The amount of hydrostatic pressure needed to stop the flow of water by osmosis. Primarily determined by the concentration of solutes |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The osmotic pressure exerted by proteins (eg, albumin) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The increase in urine output caused by the excretion of substances such as glucose, mannitol, or contrast agents in the urine |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Increased nitrogen levels in the blood |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| loss of hair from any cause |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| any abnormal skin condition |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| redness of the skin caused by congestion of the capillaries |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the condition of having excessive hair growth resulting in an increase in pigmentation |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| increase in the melanin of the skin, resulting in an increase in pigmentation |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| decrease in the melanin of the skin, resulting in a loss of pigmentation |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| an insoluble, fibrous protein that forms the outer layer of skin |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| dendritic cells in the epidermis that carry surface receptors for immunoglobin and complement and that are active participants in delayed hypersensitivity of the skin |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the substance responsible for coloration of the skin |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| cells of the skin that produce melanin |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| cells of the epidermis that play a role in transmission of sensory messages |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| pinpoint red spots that appear on the skin as a result of blood leakage into the skin |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| undulations and furrows that appear at the dermis-epidermis junction and are responsible for cementing together the two layers |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| glands that exist within the epidermis and secrete sebum to keep the skin soft and pliable |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| fatty secretion of the sebaceous glands |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| red marks on the skin caused by distention of the superficial blood vessels |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a localized or widespread condition characterized by destruction of the melanocytes in circumscribed areas of the skin, resulting in white patches |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a blue light used for diagnosing skin conditions |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| an inflammatory reaction of the skin to physical, chemical, or biologic agents |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| development of epidermal cells |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| breakdown of the skin due to prolonged pressure and insufficient blood supply, usually at bony prominences |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Hormone synthesized and released by the adrenal cortex; causes the kidneys to reabsorb sodium |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Hormone secreted by the posterior pituitary gland; causes the kidney to reabsorb more water; also called vasopressin |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Total urine output less than 50 mL in 24 hrs |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Bacteria in the urine; bacterial count higher than 100,000 colonies/mL |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Endogenous waste product of muscle energy metabolism |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Increased formation and secretion of urine |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Painful or difficult urination |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Voiding more frequently than every 3 hours |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Plasma filtered at the glomerulus into the kidney tubules |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Tuft of capillaries forming part of the nephron through which filtration occurs |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Red blood cells in the urine |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Structural and functional unit of the kidney responsible for urine formation |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Awakening at night to urinate |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Total urine output less than 500 mL in 24 hrs |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| White blood cells in the urine |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Volume of plasma that the kidneys can clear of a specific solute (eg. Creatinine); expressed in mL/min |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Recurring or persistent excretion of glucose in the urine |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Reflects the weight of particles dissolved in the urine; expression of the degree of concentration of the urine |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Movement of a substance from the kidney tubule into the blood in the peritubular capillaries or vasa recta |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Movement of a substance from the blood in the peritubular capillaries or vasa recta into the kidney tubule |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Nitrogenous end product of protein metabolism |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| inflammation of the urinary bladder |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| inflammation of the prostate gland |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| inflammation of the urethra |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| inflammation of the renal pelvis |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| backward flow of urine from the urethra into the bladder |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| backward flow of urine from the bladder into one of both ureters |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| more than 10^5 colonies of bacteria per milliliter of urine |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| voiding more often than every 3 hours |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| awakening at night to urinate |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| sepsis resulting from infected urine, most often a UTI |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| white blood cells in the urine |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| sudden rapid deterioration of kidney function that is sometimes reversible |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| total urine output less than 50 mL in 24 hours |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| type of acute renal failure in which there is actual damage to the kidney tubules |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| inflammation within the renal tissue |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| any substance, medication, or action that destroys kidney tissue |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| procedure during which a patient's blood is circulated through a dialyzer to remove waste products and excess fluid |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| procedure that uses the lining of the patient's peritoneal cavity as the semipermeable membrane for exchange of fluid and solutes |
|
|
Term
| continuous renal replacement therapy |
|
Definition
| variety of methods used to replace normal kidney function by circulating the patient's blood through a filter and returning it to the patient |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a disease process whereby cells proliferate abnormally, ignoring growth-regulating signals in the environment surrounding cells |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| increase in the number of cells of a tissue; most often associated with periods of rapid body growth |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| conversion of one type of mature cell into another type of cell |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| bizarre cell growth in cells that differ in size, shape, or arrangement from other cells of the same type of tissue |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| cells that lack normal cellular characteristics and differ in shape and organization with respect to their cells of origin; usually, anaplastic cells are malignant |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| uncontrolled cell growth that follows no physiologic demand |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| having cells or processes that are characteristic of cancer |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| not cancerous; benign tumors may grow but are unable to spread to other areas |
|
|
Term
| tumor-specific antigens (TSA) |
|
Definition
| protein on the membrane of cancer cells that distinguishes the malignant cell from a benign cell of the same tissue type |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| process of transforming normal cells into malignant cells |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| process of determining the extent of disease, including tumor size and spread or metastasis to distant sites |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| percentage of total blood volume consisting of RBCs |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| normal RBC color, indicating normal amount of hemoglobin |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| any cell that is or will become a mature RBC |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| lack of cellular development (eg, of cells within the bone marrow) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| lower-than-normal number of neutrophils |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| abnormal decrease in WBCs, RBCs, and platelets |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| variation in shape of RBCs |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| lower-than-normal platelet count |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| clumping effect occurring when an antibody acts as a cross-link between two antigens |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a protein substance developed by the body in response to and interacting with a specific antigen |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| substance that induces the production of antibodies |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the specific area of an antigen that binds with an antibody combining site and determines the specificity of the antigen-antibody reaction |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| programmed cell death that results from the digestion of DNA by endonucleases |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| cells that are important for producing a humoral immune response |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the immune system's third line of defense, involving the attack of pathogens by T cells |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| series of enzymatic proteins in the serum that, when activated, destroy bacteria and other cells |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| generic term for nonantibody proteins that act as intracellular mediators, as in the generation of immune response |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| lymphocytes that lyse cells infected with virus; also play a role in graft rejection |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| any component of an antigen molecule that functions as an antigenetic determinant by permitting the attachment of certain antibodies |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| emerging technology designed to enable replacement of missing or defective genes |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| lymphocytes that attack foreign invaders (antigens) directly |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the immune system's second line of defense; often termed the antibody response |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the coordinated response of the components of the immune system to a foreign agent or organism |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the collection of organs, cells, tissues, and molecules that mediate the immune response |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the body's specific protective response to a foreign agent or organism; resistance to disease, specifically infectious diseases |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| study of diseases resulting in dysfunctions within the immune system |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| complex system of checks and balances that regulates or controls immune responses |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| proteins formed when cells are exposed to viral or foreign agents; capable of activating other components of the immune system |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| substances released by sensitized lymphocytes when they come in contact with specific antigens |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| cells that are responsible for recognizing antigens from previous exposure and mounting an immune response |
|
|
Term
| natural killer (NK) cells |
|
Definition
| lymphocytes that defend against microorganisms and malignant cells |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| lymphocytes that destroy antigens already coated with the antibody |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the coating of antigen-antibody molecules with a sticky substance to facilitate phagocytosis |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| cells that engulf, ingest, and destroy foreign bodies or toxins |
|
|
Term
| phagocytic immune response |
|
Definition
| the immune system's first line of defense, involving white blood cells that have the ability to ingest foreign particles |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| precursors of all blood cells; reside primarily in bone marrow |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| lymphocytes that decrease B-cell activity to a level at which the immune system is compatible with life |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| cells that are important for producing a cellular immune response |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| substance that causes manifestations of allergy |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| inappropriate and often harmful immune system response to substances that are normally harmless |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| clinical response to an immediate immunologic reaction between a specific antigen and antibody |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| condition characterized by urticaria and diffuse swelling of the deeper layers of the skin |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| protein substance developed by the body in response to and interacting with a specific antigen |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| substance that induces the production of antibodies |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| medication that opposes the action of histamines |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| type I hypersensitivity involving inflammation of the skin evidenced by itching, redness, and a variety of skin lesions |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| term often used to describe immunoglobulin E-mediated diseases (ie, atropic dermintitis, asthma, and allergic rhinitis) with a genetic component |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| cells that are important in producing circulating antibodies |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a substance that stimulates nerve fibers and causes pain |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| diffuse redness of the skin |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| substance in the body that causes increased gastric secretion, dilation of capillaries, and constriction of the bronchial smooth muscle |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| abnormal heightened reaction to a stimulus of any kind |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a family of closely related proteins capable of acting as antibodies |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a group of chemical mediators that initiate the inflammatory response |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| connective tissue cells that contain heparin and histamine in their granules |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| unsaturated fatty acids that have a wide assortment of biologic activity |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| inflammation of the nasal mucosa |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| chemical mediator that acts as a potent vasoconstrictor and bronchoconstrictor |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| cells that can cause graft rejection, kill foreign cells, or suppress production of antibodies |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| disorder marked by an almost complete lack of immunoglobulins or antibodies |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| condition marked by development of urticaria and an edematous area of skin, mucus membranes, or viscera |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| loss of muscle coordination |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| autosomal recessive disorder affecting T- and B-cell immunity primarily seen in children and resulting in a degenerative brain disease |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| lack of one or more of the five immuniglobulins; caused by B-cell deficiency |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| person with a secondary immunodeficiency and associated immunosuppression |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| general lack of immunoglobulins in the blood |
|
|
Term
| severe combined immunodeficiency disease |
|
Definition
| disorder involving a complete absence of humoral and cellular immunity resulting from an X-linked or autosomal genetic abnormality |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| vascular lesions caused by dilated blood vessels |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| T-cell deficiency that occurs when the thymus gland fails to develop normally during embryogenesis; also known as DiGeorge syndrome |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| immunodeficiency characterized by thrombocytopenia and the absence of T and B cells |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| phase of the digestive process that occurs when small molecules, vitamins, and minerals pass through the walls of the small and large intestine and into the bloodstream |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| absence of peristalsis of the lower esophagus resulting in difficulty swallowing, regurgitating, and sometimes pain |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| an enzyme that aids in the digestion of starch |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| last section of the GI tract; outlet for waste products from the system |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| mixture of food with saliva, salivary enzymes, and gastric secretions that is produced as the food passes through the mouth, esophagus, and stomach |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| phase of the digestive process that occurs when digestive enzymes and secretions mix with ingested food and when proteins, fats, and sugars are broken down into their component smaller molecules |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| indigestion; upper abdominal discomfort associated with eating |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| phase of digestive process that occurs after digestion and absorption, when waste products are evacuated from the body |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| collapsible tube connecting the mouth to the stomach, through which food passes as it is ingested |
|
|
Term
| fibroscopy (gastrointestinal) |
|
Definition
| intubation of a part of the GI system with a flexible, lighted tube to assist in diagnosis and treatment of diseases of that area |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| acid secreted by the glands in the stomach; mixes with chyme to break it down into absorbable molecules and to aid in the destruction of bacteria |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| phase of the digestive process that occurs when food is taken into the GI tract via the mouth and esophagus |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a gastric secretion that combines with vitamin B12 so that the vitamin can be absorbed |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the portion of the GI tract into which waste material from the small intestine passes as absorption continues and elimination begins; consists of several parts-ascending segment, transverse segment, descending segment, sigmoid colon, and rectum |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| an enzyme that aids in the digestion of fats |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a gastric enzyme that is important in protein digestion |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| longest portion of the GI tract, consisting of three parts-duodenum, jejunum, and ilium-through which food mixed with all secretions and enzymes passes as it continues to be digested and begins to be absorbed into the bloodstream |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| distensible pouch into which the food bolus passes to be digested by gastric enzymes |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Back-flow of gastric or duodenal contents into the esophagus |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Absent or ineffective peristalsis (wavelike contraction) of the distal esophagus accompanied by failure of the esophageal sphincter to relax in response to swallowing |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Esophagogastroduodenoscopy (EGD) |
|
Definition
| Passage of a fiberoptic tube through the mouth and throat into the digestive tract for visualization of the esophagus, stomach, and small intestine; biopsies can be performed |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Protrusion of an organ or part of an organ through the wall of the cavity that normally contains it |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Use of shock waves to break up or disintegrate stones |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Inflammation of the parotid gland |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Inflammation of the salivary glands |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Inflammation of the oral mucosa |
|
|
Term
| Temporomandibular disorders |
|
Definition
| A group of conditions that causes pain or dysfunction of the temporomandibular joint (TMJ) and surrounding structures |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Dumping syndrome; gastrointestinal symptoms, such as diarrhea and abdominal cramping resulting from rapid gastric emptying |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Involuntary flapping movements of the hands associated with metabolic liver dysfunction |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Hepatic vein thrombosis resulting in non-cirrhotic portal hypertension |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Chronic liver disease characterized by fibrosis changes and the formation of dense connective tissue within the liver, subsequent degenerative changes, and loss of functioning cells |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Inability to draw figures in two or three dimensions |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Sweet, slightly fecal odor to the breath, presumed to be of intestinal origin; prevalent with the extensive collateral portal circulation in chronic liver disease |
|
|
Term
| Fulminant hepatic failure |
|
Definition
| Sudden, severe onset of acute liver failure that occurs within 8 weeks after the first symptoms of jaundice |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Opening between the stomach and the duodenum |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| First portion of the small intestine, between the stomach and the jejunum |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Thin membrane that lines the inside of the wall of the abdomen and covers all the abdominal organs |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Tarry or black stools; indicative of blood in stools |
|
|
Term
| Histamine -2 (H2) receptor antagonists |
|
Definition
| A pharmacologic agent that inhibits histamine action at the H2 receptors of the stomach, resulting in inhibition of gastric acid secretion |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Pharmacologic agents that block acid secretion by irreversibly binding to and inhibiting the hydrogen-potassium pump adenosine triphosphate pump system at the secretory surface of gastric parietal cells; most potent inhibitors of gastric acid secretion |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Surgical procedure ton increase the opening of the pyloric orifice |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Removal of the pyloric (antrum) portion of the stomach with anastomosisn(surgical connection) to the duodenum (gastroduodenostomy or Billroth I) or anastomosisn to the jejunum (gastrojejunostomy or Billroth II) |
|
|
Term
| irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) |
|
Definition
| functional disorder that affects frequency of defecation and consistency of stool; is associated with no specific structural or biochemical alterations; associated with crampy abdominal pain and bloating |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| dilated portions of the anal veins; can occur internal or external to the anal sphincter |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| normal or abnormal fold, groove, or crack in body tissue |
|
|
Term
| inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) |
|
Definition
| group of chronic disorders (most common are ulcerative colitis and Crohn's disease) that result in inflammation or ulceration (or both) of the bowel lining; associated with abdominal pain, diarrhea, fever, and weight loss |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| excessive fat in the feces |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| inflammation of the stomach |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| narrowing or tightening of an opening or passage in the body |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a spiral-shaped gram-negative bacterium that colonizes the gastric mucosa; is involved in most cases of peptic ulcer disease |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| lack of hydrochloric acid in digestive secretions of the stomach |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| inflammation of the gallbladder |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| calculi in the gallbladder |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| inflammation of the pancreas; may be acute or chronic |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a group of metabolic diseases characterized by hyperglycemia resulting from defects in insulin secretion, insulin action, or both |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| impaired glucose metabolism in which blood glucose concentrations fall between normal levels and those considered diagnostic for diabetes; includes IFG and IGT, not clinical entities in their own right but risk factors for future diabetes and cardiovascular disease |
|
|
Term
| impaired glucose tolerance (IGT), impaired fasting glucose (IFG) |
|
Definition
| a metabolic stage intermediate between normal glucose homeostasis and diabetes; now referred to as prediabetes |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a hormone secreted by the beta cells of the islets of Langerhans of the pancreas that is necessary for the metabolism of carbohydrates, proteins, and fats; a deficiency of insulin results in diabetes mellitus |
|
|
Term
| diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA) |
|
Definition
| a metabolic derangement in type 1 diabetes that results from a deficiency of insulin; highly acidic ketone bodies are formed, resulting in acidosis; usually requires hospitalization for treatment and is usually caused by nonadherence to the insulin regime, concurrent illness, or infection |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a metabolic disorder characterized by an absence of insulin production and secretion from autoimmune destruction of the beta cells of the islets of Langerhans in the pancreas; formally called insulin-dependent, juvenile, or type 1 diabetes |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a metabolic disorder characterized by the relative deficiency of insulin production and a decrease insulin action action and increased insulin resistance; formally called non-insulin-dependent, adult-onset, or type II diabetes |
|
|
Term
| gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) |
|
Definition
| any degree of glucose intolerance with its onset during pregnancy |
|
|
Term
| fasting plasma glucose (FPG) |
|
Definition
| blood glucose determination obtained in the laboratory after fasting for more than 8 hours |
|
|
Term
| adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) |
|
Definition
| hormone secreted by the anterior pituitary; essential for growth and development |
|
|
Term
| thyroid stimulating hormone (THS) |
|
Definition
| released from the pituitary gland; causes stimulation of the thyroid, resulting in release of T3 and T4 |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| thyroid hormone; formed and stored in the thyroid; released in smaller quantities, biologically more active and with faster onset of action than T4; widespread effect on cellular metabolism |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| thyroid hormone; active iodine compound formed and stored in the thyroid; deiodinated in peripheral tissues to form triiodothyronine; maintains body metabolism in a steady state |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| ADH secreted by the posterior pituitary; causes contraction of smooth muscle, particularily blood vessels |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| hormone secreted by the posterior pituitary; causes myometrial contraction at term and milk release during lactation |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Loss of ability ton recognize objects through a particular sensory system; may be visual, auditory, or tactile |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Inability to coordinate muscle movements, resulting in difficulty in walking, talking, and performing self-care activities |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Division of the nervous system that regulates the involuntary body functions |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Portion of the neuron that conducts impulses away from the cell body |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A reflex action of the toes, indicative of abnormalities in the motor control pathways leading from the cerebral cortex |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Abnormal movement marked by alternating contraction and relaxation of a muscle occurring in rapid succession |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Transient loss of intellectual function, usually due to systemic problems |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Portion of the neuron that conducts impulses toward the cell body |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Displaying lack of muscle tone; limp, floppy |
|
|
Term
| Parasympathetic nervous system |
|
Definition
| Division of the autonomic nervous system active primarily during non-stressful conditions, controlling mostly visceral functions |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Inability to tolerate light |
|
|
Term
| Position (postural) sense |
|
Definition
| Awareness of position of parts of the body without looking at them; also referred to as proprioception |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| An automatic response to stimuli p |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Increase in muscle tone at rest characterized by increased resistance to passive stretch |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Test for cerebellar dysfunction requiring the patient to stand with feet together, eyes closed and arms extended; inability to maintain the position, with either significant stagger or sway, is a positive test |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Sustained increase in tension of a muscle when it is passively lengthened or stretched |
|
|
Term
| Sympathetic nervous system |
|
Definition
| Division of the autonomic nervous system with predominantly excitatory responses; the "fight or flight" system |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| An illusion of movement, usually rotation |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a headache for which no specific organic cause can be found |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| unresponsiveness to the environment; the patient makes no movement or sound but sometimes opens eyes |
|
|
Term
| altered level of consciousness (LOC) |
|
Definition
| condition of being less responsive to and aware of environmental stimuli |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| ability of cerebral blood vessels to dilate or constrict to maintain stable cerebral blood flow despite changes in systemic arterial blood pressure |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| irreversible loss of all functions of the entire brain, including the brain stem |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| prolonged state of unconsciousness |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a surgical procedure that involves removal of a portion of the skull |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a surgical procedure that involves entry into the cranial vault |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the brain's attempt to restore blood flow by increasing arterial pressure to overcome the increased intracranial pressure |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| three classic signs-bradycardia, hypertension, and bradypnea- seen with pressure on the medulla as a result of brain stem herniation |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| an abnormal body posture associated with a severe brain injury, characterized by extreme extension of the upper and lower extremities |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| an abnormal posture associated with severe brain injury, characterized by abnormal flexion of the upper extremities and extension of the lower extremities |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a sensor placed between the skull and the dura to monitor intracranial pressure |
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Term
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Definition
| a group of syndromes characterized by paroxysmal transient disturbances of brain function |
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Term
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Definition
| a system that uses light refraction to determine intracranial pressure |
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Term
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Definition
| abnormal protrusion of tissue through a defect or natural opening |
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Term
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Definition
| pressure exerted by the volume of the intracranial contents within the cranial vault |
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Term
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Definition
| condition resulting from a lesion in the pons in which the patient lacks all distal motor activity (paralysis) but cognition is intact |
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Term
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Definition
| procedure in which an intracranial catheter is inserted near an injured area of brain to measure lactate, pyruvate, glutamate, and glucose levels |
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Term
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Definition
| a severe, unrelenting headache often accompanied by symptoms such as nausea, vomiting, and visual disturbances |
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Term
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Definition
| theory that states that due to limited space for expansion within the skull, an increase in any one of the cranial contents-brain tissue, blood, or CSF- causes a change in the volume of the others |
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Term
| persistent vegetative state |
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Definition
| condition in which the patient is wakeful but devoid of conscious content, without cognitive or affective mental function |
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Term
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Definition
| headache identified as a symptom of another organic disorder (eg, brain tumor, hypertension) |
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Term
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Definition
| paroxysmal transient disturbance of the brain resulting from a discharge of abnormal electrical activity |
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Term
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Definition
| episode in which the patient experiences multiple seizure bursts with no recovery time in between |
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Term
| subarachnoid screw or bolt |
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Definition
| device placed into the subarachnoid space to measure intracranial pressure |
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Term
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Definition
| surgical approach to the pituitary via the sphenoid sinuses |
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Term
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Definition
| a catheter placed in one of the lateral ventricles of the brain to measure intrcranial pressure and allow for drainage of fluid |
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Term
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Definition
| without tone; denervated muscle that atrophies |
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Term
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Definition
| shrinkage decrease in size of a muscle |
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Term
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Definition
| fluid-filled sac found in connective tissue, usually in the area of joints |
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Term
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Definition
| cartilaginous/fibrous tissue at fracture site |
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Term
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Definition
| latticelike bone structure, trabecular bone |
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Term
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Definition
| tough, elastic, avascular tissue at ends of bone |
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Term
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Definition
| rhythmic contraction of muscle |
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Term
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Definition
| abnormal shortening of muscle or joint, or both; fibrosis |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| grating or crackling sound or sensation; may occur with movement of ends of a broken bone or irregular joint surface |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| a thin, vascular membrane covering the marrow cavity of long bones and the spaces in cancellous bone |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| fibrous tissue that covers, supports, and separates muscles |
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Term
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Definition
| involuntary twitch of muscle fibers |
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Term
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Definition
| enlargement; increase in size of muscle |
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Term
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Definition
| muscle tension increased, length unchanged, no joint motion |
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Term
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Definition
| muscle tension unchanged, muscle shortened, joint moved |
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Term
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Definition
| area where bone ends meet; provides for motion and flexibility |
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Term
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Definition
| fibrous tissue that encloses bone ends and other joint surfaces |
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Term
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Definition
| increase in the convex curvature of the spine |
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Term
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Definition
| mature compact bone structures that form concentric rings of bone matrix; lamellar bone |
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Term
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Definition
| fibrous band connecting bones |
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Term
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Definition
| increase in lumbar curvature of the spine |
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Term
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Definition
| process in which minerals (calcium) are deposited in bone matrix |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| microscopic functional bone unit |
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Term
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Definition
| abnormal sensation (eg, burning, tingling, numbness) |
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Term
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Definition
| fibrous connective tissue covering bone |
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Term
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Definition
| process that ensures bone maintenance through simultaneous bone resorption and formation |
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Term
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Definition
| removal/destruction of tissue, such as bone |
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Term
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Definition
| lateral curving of the spine |
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Term
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Definition
| having greater-than-normal muscle tone |
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Term
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Definition
| membrane in joint that secretes lubricating fluid |
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Term
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Definition
| cord of fibrous tissue connecting muscle to bone |
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Term
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Definition
| normal tension (resistance to stretch) in resting muscle |
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Term
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Definition
| latticelike bone structure; cancellous bone |
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Term
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Definition
| process by which the eye adjusts for near distance (eg. reading) by changing the curvature of the lens to focus a clear image on the retina |
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Term
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Definition
| space in the eye bordered anteriorly by the cornea and posteriorly by the iris and pupil |
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Term
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Definition
| absence of the natural lens |
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Term
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Definition
| water fluid that fills the anterior and posterior chambers of the eye |
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Term
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Definition
| refractive error in which light rays are spread over diffuse area rather than sharply focused on the retina, a condition caused by differences in the curvature of the cornea and lens |
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Term
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Definition
| normal ability of both eyes to focus on one object and fuse the two images into one |
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Term
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Definition
| inability to see, usually defined as corrected visual acuity of 20/400 or less, or a visual field of no more than 20 degrees in the better eye |
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Term
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Definition
| cornea edema with painful blisters in the epithelium due to excessive corneal hydration |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| retinal photoreceptor cells essential for visual acuity and color discrimination |
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Term
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Definition
| seeing one object as two, double vision |
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Term
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Definition
| absence of refractive error |
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Term
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Definition
| complete removal of the eyeball and part of the optic nerve |
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Term
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Definition
| removal of the intraocular contents through a corneal or scleral incision; the optic nerve, sclera, extraocular muscles, and sometimes, the cornea are left intact |
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Term
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Definition
| surgical removal of the entire contents of the orbit, including the eyeball and lids |
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Term
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Definition
| "red eye" resulting from dilation of the vasculature of the conjuctiva |
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Term
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Definition
| farsightedness; a refractive error in which the focus of light rays from a distant object is behind the retina |
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Term
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Definition
| blood in the anterior chamber |
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Term
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Definition
| collection of inflammatory cells that has the appearance of a pale layer in the inferior anterior chamber of the eye |
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Term
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Definition
| congestion of blood vessels |
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Term
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Definition
| cone-shaped deformity of the cornea |
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Term
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Definition
| junction of the conrea and sclera |
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Term
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Definition
| medications that causes pupillary constrictions |
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Term
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Definition
| medications that cause pupillary dilation |
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Term
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Definition
| nearsightedness; a refractive error in which the focus of light rays from a distant object is anterior to the retina |
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Term
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Definition
| growth of abnormal new blood vessels |
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Term
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Definition
| involuntary oscillation of the eyeball |
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Term
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Definition
| swelling of the optic disc due to increased intrcranial pressure |
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Term
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Definition
| occular pain on exposure to light |
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Term
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Definition
| space between the iris and vitreous |
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Term
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Definition
| downward displacement of the eyeball resulting from an inflammatory condition of the orbit or mass within the orbital cavity |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| determination of the refractive errors of the eye and correction by lenses |
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Term
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Definition
| retinal photoreceptor cells essential for bright and dim light |
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Term
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Definition
| blind or partially blind areas in the visual fields |
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Term
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Definition
| a condition in which there is deviation from perfect occular alignment |
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Term
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Definition
| an inflammatory condition created in the fellow eye by the affected eye (without useful vision); the condition may become chronic and result in blindness (of the fellow eye) |
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Term
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Definition
| a bilateral chronic follicular conjuctivitis of childhood that leads to blindness during adulthood, if left untreated |
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Term
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Definition
| gelatinous material (transparent and colorless) that fills the eyeball behind the lens |
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Term
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Definition
| inflammation in the middle ear lasting less than 6 weeks |
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Term
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Definition
| tumor of the middle ear or mastoid, or both, that can destroy structures of the temporal bone |
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Term
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Definition
| repeated episodes of acute otitis media causing irreversible tissue damage and persistent tympanic membrane perforation |
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Term
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Definition
| loss of hearing in which efficient sound transmission to the inner ear is interrupted by some obstruction or disease process |
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Term
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Definition
| partial or complete loss of the ability to hear |
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Term
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Definition
| dilation of the endolymphatic space of the inner ear; the pathologic correlate of Meniere's disease |
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Term
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Definition
| small, hard, bony protrusions in the lower posterior bony portion of the ear canal |
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Term
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Definition
| inflammation of the labyrinth of the inner ear |
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Term
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Definition
| condition of the inner ear characterized by a triade of symptoms; episodic vertigo, tinnitus, and fluctuating sensorineural hearing loss |
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Term
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Definition
| fluid in the middle ear without evidence of infection |
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Term
| myringotomy (ie tympanotomy) |
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Definition
| incision in the tympanic membrane |
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Term
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Definition
| involuntary rhythmic eye movement |
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Term
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Definition
| surgical reconstruction of the middle ear bones to restore hearing |
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Term
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Definition
| sensation of fullness or pain in the ear |
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Term
| otitis externa (external otitis) |
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Definition
| inflammation of the external auditory canal |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| a condition characterized by abnormal spongy bone formation around the stapes |
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Term
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Definition
| progressive hearing loss associated with aging |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| sensorineural hearing loss |
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Definition
| loss of hearing related to damage of the end organ for hearing or cranial nerve VIII, or both |
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Term
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Definition
| subjective perception of sound with internal origin; unwanted noises in the head or ear |
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Term
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Definition
| surgical repair of the tympanic membrane |
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Term
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Definition
| illusion of movement in which the individual or the surroundings are sensed as moving |
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