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Med Surg Final Exam
final exam review
190
Nursing
Undergraduate 3
12/12/2011

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Cards

Term
Chest tube is needed after what surgeries?
Definition
wedge resection, lobectomy
Term
A chest tube reestablishes
Definition
negative pressure
Term
Nurse needs to ensure that the chest tube is
Definition
patent
Term
Nurse needs to encourage a patient with a chest tube to
Definition
deep breath
Term
What indicates the pt does not need the chest tube anymore?
Definition
drainage less than 5cc
Term
As lungs expand after surgery there is a high risk for
Definition
atelectasis
Term
What comes out of a chest tube?
Definition
air, exudate (bc it is a wound)
Term
What type of medication might a patient with a chest tube need?
Definition
Pain meds, it hurt to cough
also maybe abx to prevent infxn
Term
An increase in chest tube drainage may indicate
Definition
infection
Term
The number cause of death in cancer patients is
Definition
infection
Term
The number cause of death in cancer patients is
Definition
infection
Term
The number one cause of infection is
Definition
skin breakdown
Term
What numbers need to be checked before blood admin?
Definition
patient id number, blood number
Term
What numbers need to be checked before blood admin?
Definition
patient id number, blood number
Term
blood is usually given over
Definition
3-4 hours
Term
How often should vitals be done during blood admin?
Definition
before, 15 min after starting, then every hour until it is done
Term
Symptoms of blood transfusion reaction
Definition
elevated resp, HR, cardiac arrest, elevated temp
Term
Blood can only be hung with
Definition
normal saline
Term
What fluid is given intra-op
Definition
lactated ringers
Term
What fluids are typically given post-op?
Definition
.45NS
Term
what drug is administered if a patient is experiencing delirium/hallucations during 72 hour post-op withdrawl
Definition
valium
Term
When is a patient placed on neutropenic precautions?
Definition
ANC less than 1000
Term
A patient cannot recieve chemo if their ANC is less than
Definition
500
Term
How is ANC calculated?
Definition
(% neutrophils) * WBC's
Term
Why would a foley be on traction?
Definition
so the urethra heals straight
Term
In pancreatitis, the pancreas is
Definition
self-digesting (activated enzymes squirt back in)
Term
Pancreatitis can cause ascites in
Definition
the lungs
Term
How should a patient with ascites in the lungs be positioned?
Definition
semi-fowlers, so the fluid doesnt spread
Term
An abduction pillow prevents what after hip replacement surgery
Definition
dislocation
Term
Should the elderly bathe daily?
Definition
NO, it will dry out their skin
Term
Most deadly skin cancer
Definition
Melanoma
Term
What is the difference between osteoarthritis and rheumatoid arthritis?
Definition
RA is in the small joints, symmetrical, ossification of joints
OA is in large joints, no ossification
Term
Methotrexate is an
Definition
antimetabolite
Term
Hepatitis is primarily caused by
Definition
viruses
Term
Dexamethasone should be given
Definition
at night, want to give before anything has the chance to stimulate the adrenals
Term
What is a percutaneous biopsy?
Definition
needle or core biopsy that obtains tissue by making a small puncture in the skin
Term
What is the least invasive breast biopsy?
Definition
fine needle aspiration
Term
Fine needle aspiration only removes
Definition
cells (not tissue)
Term
The "sign-in" is before
Definition
anesthesia has been given
Term
surgical "time-out"
Definition
before skin incision (confirm patient, site, procedure)
Term
surgical "sign out"
Definition
before patient leaves the OR, nurse verbally confirms procedure done, sponge counts are correct
Term
Smokers should quit how many weeks before surgery?
Definition
4-6 weeks
Term
Anticoagulants should be stopped how many days before surgery
Definition
5 days
Term
Should digoxin be held before surgery?
Definition
NO
Term
Should synthroid be stopped before surgery?
Definition
NO
Term
What medications interact with anesthesia?
Definition
thiazide diuretics, antihypertensives
Term
OTC/herbal medications should be stopped
Definition
2-3 weeks prior to surgery
Term
Some anti-seizure may need to be held how many days prior to surgery?
Definition
3 days
Term
Steroids may affect what after surgery?
Definition
wound healing, they also hide infxn
Term
Post-op immobility can cause
Definition
pneumonia, thrombophlebitis
Term
Thrombophlebitis can lead to
Definition
pulmonary embolism
Term
Tests that need to be done pre-op
Definition
chest x-ray, ekg, pulmonary function
Term
The surgical consent form is who's responsibility?
Definition
the nurse
Term
True or False: meds cannot be given until surgical consent form is signed
Definition
True
Term
What needs to be taught by the nurse prior to surgery?
Definition
-turn, cough, deep breath
-incentive spirometer
-leg exercises
-SCD's
Term
What foot exercise is essential?
Definition
calf pumping
Term
The patient should be NPO how long before surgery?
Definition
8 hours
Term
What is the GI prep before surgery?
Definition
golytely, enemas
Term
What types of meds are usually given in the holding area?
Definition
narcotics, tranquilizers, anticholinergics, PPI's
Term
Why are narcotics given prior to surgery?
Definition
-ease induction of anesthesia
-produce drowsiness, euphoria
Term
What specific narcotics are given before surgery?
Definition
morphine, demerol, fentanyl
Term
Narcan is an antidote for
Definition
morphine
Term
Narcotics decrease
Definition
BP, respirations
Term
Examples of commonly used benzodiazapenes before surgery
Definition
valium, versed, ativan
Term
Why are benzodiazpenes given before surgery?
Definition
-calm and relax pt
-ease induction of anesthesia
-enhance narcotics and sedatives
Term
Benzodiazapenes cause
Definition
hypotension, decreased resp
Term
After giving a benzodiazapene, vitals should be monitored how often
Definition
q15-30 min
Term
Why are anticholinergics given before surgery?
Definition
-decrease reflex bradycardia
-decrease secretions, saliva, GI
-decrease laryngospasms
Term
Examples of anticholinergics
Definition
atropine, robinul
Term
Anticholinergics cause increased
Definition
HR
Term
Why are PPI's given before surgery?
Definition
-decrease acid secretion
-prevent stress ulcers
Term
Epidural
Definition
regional anesthesia, injected into epidural space, can move with low doses
Term
Spinal
Definition
regional anesthesia, injected in CSF, cannot move lower extremities
Term
local anesthesia
Definition
lidocaine
Term
induction phase
Definition
pre-op to unconsciousness
Term
maintaince phase
Definition
surgery performed
Term
stage 1
Definition
onset
Term
stage 2
Definition
excitement - muscle jerking
Term
stage 3
Definition
surgical anesthesia
Term
stage 4
Definition
danger- death
Term
Induction is given
Definition
IV rapid onset
Term
How long does it take for LOC to occur after induction?
Definition
3-10 sec
Term
Induction is given prior to
Definition
inhalation
Term
Most common IV induction agent
Definition
Fentanyl
Term
Other IV induction agents
Definition
ketamine, versed
Term
What do IV induction agents cause?
Definition
unconsciousness, amnesia, decreases reflexes
Term
Inhalation agents are given during the
Definition
maintainence phase
Term
What is the most common inhalation agents?
Definition
nitrous oxide
Term
other inhalation agents
Definition
halothane, isoflurane, suphane
Term
Neuromuscular blocking agents are given during what phase
Definition
the maintainence phase
Term
Neuromuscular blocking agents cause
Definition
paralysis
Term
Neuromuscular blocking agents
Definition
pancuronium, vecuronium (common), succinylcholine chloride (SUX)--common
Term
What reverses benzodiazapenes?
Definition
romazicon
Term
What reverses paralysis?
Definition
neostigime
Term
Drugs are given to reverse the effects of the anesthetic agents during what phase
Definition
the emergence phase
Term
malignant hyperthermia
Definition
familial, causes a fast rise in body temp and sever muscle contractions when the pt gets general anesthesia
Term
Malignant hyperthermia causes
Definition
metabolic and respiratory acidosis, increases in Ca, K
Term
Malignant hyperthermia is linked to
Definition
inhalation anesthetics (halothane) and succinylcholine (SUX)
Term
True or False: malignant hyperthermia is a medical emergency
Definition
True
Term
Symptoms of malignant hyperthermia
Definition
muscle rigidity, tachycardia, unstable BP, hypoxia, hyperkalemia, temp up to 108
Term
Malignant hyperthermia tx
Definition
IV fluids, dantrolene (muscle relaxant)
Term
regional anesthesia
Definition
anesthetic over a large specific area
Term
local anesthesia
Definition
anesthesia over a small area
Term
blocks
Definition
some of the nerves nearby
Term
Epidural anesthesia is usually a
Definition
continuous infusion (narcotics)
Term
What types of cases are epidurals used for?
Definition
ortho cases, vaginal, rectal, post-op analgesia
Term
Spinal anesthesia is used for procedures
Definition
below the waist
Term
Spinal anesthesia can either be
Definition
single injection or continuous
Term
Bier blocks are used for
Definition
peripheral surgeries, upper extremities, short procedures
Term
peripheral nerve blocks
Definition
inject anesthetic over nerve to block pain
Term
Moderate sedation requires vital signs how often
Definition
q 15-30 min
Term
moderate sedation causes
Definition
minimally depressed LOC
Term
the patient needs to stay in PACU until
Definition
fully awake, VS stable, no complications--> can leave after 1 hr
Term
Crowing sound indicates
Definition
laryngospasm, bronchospasm
Term
When worried about resp post op, HOB should be
Definition
15-30
Term
Cardio issues usually occur when post op
Definition
within the first 72 hours
Term
Elevation decreases post op
Definition
edema
Term
For post-op pain, patients are given which IM NSAID?
Definition
torodol
Term
What IV anti-emetics are given for post-op nausea?
Definition
compazine, zofran
Term
Categories of the aldrete score
Definition
-Activity
-Consciousness
-Respiration
-O2 sat
-Circulation
Term
How is the activity part of the aldrete score scored?
Definition
-2 Able to move 4 extremities voluntarily/on command
-1 Able to move 2 extremities voluntarily/on command
-0 Able to move 0 extremities voluntarily/on command
Term
How to score consciousness in the aldrete score?
Definition
-2 full awake oriented x3
-1 arousable on calling
-0 not responding
Term
How to score the respiration part of the aldrete score?
Definition
-2-able to cough and deep breath freely
-1-dyspnea, limited breathing
-0-apneic, assisted breathing (mechanic/manual)
Term
How to score the 02 sat portion of the aldrete score?
Definition
-2- spO2 greater than 92%
-1-spO2 92% or greater with supplemental O2
-0-sp02 less than 92% with supplemental O2
Term
How to score the circulation part of the aldrete score?
Definition
-2- systolic change less than 20%
-1-systolic change 20%-49%
-0-systolic change >%50
Term
What aldrete score does a patient need to transfer out of the PACU?
Definition
7-10
Term
What are the four W's?
Definition
wind, water, wound, walk
Term
"wind" consists of
Definition
pneumonia, atelectasis
Term
"wind" usually occurs when
Definition
the first 24-48 hours post op
Term
What is "water"?
Definition
UTI
Term
When does "water" usually occur?
Definition
3-5 days post op
Term
When do wound infxns usually occur post-op?
Definition
5-7 days post op
Term
What is "walk"?
Definition
thrombophlebitis
Term
When does thrombophlebitis usually occur post-op?
Definition
7-14 days post op
Term
INR for heparin
Definition
1.5-2
Term
INR for coumadin
Definition
2-3
Term
pt. is NPO until
Definition
bowel sounds return (usually 3 days)
Term
A patient with a pneumonectomy should be turned between
Definition
back, affected side
Term
bladder infxn symptoms
Definition
pain, pressure, burning, frequency
Term
pylonephritis symptoms
Definition
flank pain, fever
Term
How to prevent incontinence
Definition
tx underlying condition, empty bladder/toileting, kegals
Term
What tests diagnose incontinence?
Definition
PVR, bladder scan, KUB xray, bladder ultrasonography, CT, MRI, cystography, IVP
Term
a PVR of 50-100mL is ok for those older than
Definition
60
Term
Urolithiasis/Nephrolithiasis is associated with
Definition
hyperparathyroidism, increased vitamin D, increased calcium
Term
What is the number one way to prevent stones?
Definition
fluids!!!!
Term
Diet for uric acid stones
Definition
avoid shellfish, anchovies, asparagus, mushrooms, organ meat
Term
Diet for cystine stones
Definition
low protein
Term
Diet for oxalate stones
Definition
avoid spinach, strawberries, rhubarb, chocolate, tea, peanuts, wheat bran
Term
Back/flank pain indicates
Definition
stones
Term
What tests diagnose stones?
Definition
KUB xray, cystography, pyelography
Term
How are stones treated?
Definition
natural birth, forceps, c section
Term
True or False: IV fluids are given to help pass stone
Definition
True
Term
Bladder cancer occurs most often in
Definition
men, 50-70yrs
Term
How else are stones treated?
Definition
ureterscopy, lithotripsy, percutaneous nephrolithotomy
Term
Risk factors for bladder cancer
Definition
smoking, industrial chemicals
Term
S&S for bladder cancer
Definition
painless hematuria, later on dysuria and frequency
Term
IVP stands for
Definition
intravenous pyelogram
Term
Diagnostic tests for bladder cancer
Definition
UA, cystography with biopsy, IVP, MRI, CEA, ultrasound
Term
surgery for superficial lesions on bladder
Definition
transurethral resection w/electrocautery, laser photocoagulation, open loop resection/segmental resection, regular screening for invasive bladder cancer
Term
What is the surgical treatment for invasive bladder cancer w/o mets?
Definition
partial or radical cystectomy
Term
What is the tx for advanced stages of bladder cancer?
Definition
radiation (internal/external seeds placed), chemo (systemic/intravesical), hydrostatic water balloon strangles tumor
Term
What does intravesical mean?
Definition
treatment that is put directly in the bladder
Term
What is an ileal conduit?
Definition
surgery that removes the bladder, rest piece of ileum, ostomy formed, anastamose ureters to ileum, urine empties into bag
Term
What remains post op after an ileal conduit?
Definition
ureter stents, till swelling decreases
Term
True or False: an ileal conduit is a very bloody surgery
Definition
True
Term
Is it possible for the stents to get blocked?
Definition
yes
Term
What should the nurse teach the pt to prevent nephritis (kidney infxn)?
Definition
push po fluids
Term
What should the nurse teach the pt to prevent lymphadema?
Definition
elevate legs, teds, foot care, leg exercises
Term
What should be used during ostomy care?
Definition
karya paste, a wick during changes
Term
Testicular cancers risk factors
Definition
cryptochidism (undescended testicle), men whose mothers took DES, family hx, high SES
Term
How often should a testicular self exam be performed?
Definition
monthly in the shower
Term
Tx for testicular cancer
Definition
radical orchiectomy, retroperitoneal LND, chemo, radiation
Term
prostate cancer is usually asymptomatic unless
Definition
mets to the bone
Term
How common is BPH?
Definition
very common, esp by 85
Term
True or false: prostate cancer is the second leading cause of death in men
Definition
True
Term
Risk factors for prostate cancer
Definition
fhx, being male
Term
Prostate cancer occurs most in
Definition
older, married, AA, men
Term
When should screening for prostate cancer occur?
Definition
50, 40-45 if high risk
Term
What screening tests are done for prostate cancer?
Definition
Digital Rectal exam, PSA test (greater than 4
Term
S&S of prostate cancer/BPH
Definition
difficulty initiating urine stream, hesitancy, emptying bladder, dysuria, nocturia, unexplained cystitis, painful ejaculation
Term
Diagnostic tests for prostate cancer/BPH
Definition
prostatic acid phosphatase, bone scan, transrectal ultrasound
Term
BPH tx
Definition
TURP, prostatectomy, 5-alpha reductase inhibitors
Term
prostate cancer tx
Definition
radical prostatectomy, brachytherapy (strain urine, condoms, double flush), external radiation, chemo
Term
What chemo treatments are used to treat prostate cancer?
Definition
hormonal
antiandrogen- lupron, zoladex, flutamide, proscar
Term
Prostate cancer can cause
Definition
sterility, possible impotence, sexual dysfunction, retrograde ejaculation
Term
The nurse should teach the pt to do what after sex
Definition
urinate
Term
Which chemo drugs are vesicants?
Definition
alkylating agents, mitotic spindle poisons
Term
Alkylating agents
Definition
Cytoxan, Busulfan, leukeran, cisplatin, carboplatin, cyclophosphamide
Term
Mitotic spindle poisons
Definition
Velban, vincristine
Term
Nadir usually occurs
Definition
10 days after tx
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