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Definition
| Any act or behavior that violates the social norms within a given social system |
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| An adverse physical state, consisting of a physiological dysfunction within an individual |
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| A subjective state pertaining to an individual's psychological awareness of having a disease and usually causing that person to modify his or her behavior |
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| A social state signifying an impaired social role for those who are ill |
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| Functionalist Approach to Deviance |
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Definition
| Views society as inter-related parts, deviance represents a behavior which disrupts normal social functioning and are reduced and/or controlled through the application of various sanctions. Sickness can be seen as deviance because it threatens the stability of social systems. |
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Definition
| Complex functionalist perspective of thinking. Composed of 4 major aspects: (1) exempt from "normal" society, (2) is not responsible for his/her condition, (3) should try to get well (includes exemption from certain roles), (4) should seek technically competent help and cooperate with the physician. Also, defines pateint-doctor relationship. Doctor should work to return health to patient. Doctor hold more authority. |
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| A process by which previously non-medical problems are defined and treated as medical problems, usually in terms of illnesses or disorders. Doctors initially responsible for trying to treat wider range of symptoms. Now, primary driving forces are biotechnology, consumers, and managed care. |
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Definition
| Describes 7 variations of sick role. Parsons was more applicable to Jews than to Protestants or Italian Catholics. |
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Definition
| Notes differences in response to pain in regard to sick role. Jews and italians more sensitive to pain compared to "Old Americans", setting mattered for expression of pain, attitudes of pains varied across groups. |
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| Criticism of the Sick Role |
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Definition
| Only fits with acute diseases, chronic conditions don't fit model. Don't account for variations in patient-physician relationship. Doesn't apply well to lower-class patients (exemption from roles may not apply to poor) |
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Term
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Definition
| Different groups view deviance differently, therefore, deviance is a product of the environment. Key to distinguishing among sick roles is the notion of legitimacy (Freidson): (1) Conditional Legitimacy (eg pneumonia), (2) Unconditional Legitimacy (eg Cancer), (3) Illegitimacy (eg epilepsy. A way of assuming which roles are exempted depending on sickness. |
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| Criticism of Labeling Theory |
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Definition
| Doesn't explain what causes deviance other than social reactions to an act. Doesn't examine commonalities among deviant actors. Doesn't explain why certain people commit deviant acts and others in the same circumstance do not. |
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| Deviance Perspective of Sickness |
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Definition
| Deviance perspective limits ability to examine biological aspects of sickness as a condition of suffering. Being ill negatively impacts individual behavior and may result in a negative sense of self, especially in the case of chronic illness. |
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Definition
| Some deeply discrediting attribute. Main forms of Stigmas: abominations of the body (eg physical deformities), blemishes of individual character (STD, mental disorder), Tribal stigmas of race, religion, and nationality. |
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Definition
| (1) Experience psychological stress, (2) Delays in seeking health care due to fears of being stigmatized and the subsequent discrimination, (3) Experience of adverse reactions from others in health care settings by stigmatized individuals, (4) Slow provision or withholding of resources by communities when stigmatized groups may be the recipients. |
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Term
| Szasz and Hollender's 3 Models of Interaction |
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Definition
| (1) Activity-passivity model: patient is seriously ill or in an emergency situation. (2) Guidance-cooperation: patient has acute, often infectious disease. Patient knows what's going on and cooperates with physicians orders. (3) Mutual-participation model: management of chronic illness, patient works with the doctor as a full participant in controlling the affliction. |
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Term
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Definition
| Emphasizes the interaction as a process of negotiation. Model is limited to situations with unsatisfied patients that want to persuade doctor. Not all relationships are like this. |
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| Influences of Models of Interaction |
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Definition
| Social Class, Age, Education, Severity of Symptoms, Satisfaction with treatement |
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Term
| Value of Information three tests |
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Definition
| (1) Reduces uncertainty, (2) Provides a basis for action, (3) Strengthens the physician-patient relationship. |
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Term
| Information according to class |
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Definition
| The higher class the doctor and the higher class the patient, the more information that will be shared. |
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Definition
| Indicates a female majority in an occupation and signals the gradual decline of the status and autonomy of work when women enter a profession. |
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Definition
| Requires comprehension by the patient. Influences on compliance: motivation to be healthy, a perceived vulnerability to an illness, the potential for negative consequences, effectiveness of treatment, sense of personal control, effective communication. |
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Term
| Goode's Characteristics of the profession |
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Definition
| Prolonged training in a body of specialized and abstract knowledge, obtain public acceptance of claims to competence, gain control over its own membership, determines its own standards, legally recognized, licensed, members are strongly identified by their profession. |
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| Founded in 1847, organized physicians into a professionally identifiable group |
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| Inspected all medical schools in the U.S. Only granted approval to three: Harvard, Western Reserve, and John-Hopkins. |
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Definition
| Describes how a particular group may be only one of several groups in society maneuvering to fulfill its interests. |
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Term
| PSRO (Professional Standards Review Organizations |
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Definition
| Established by government, composed of licensed doctors who determine if the services rendered for Medicare and Medicaid patients are medically necessary, meet professional standards of quality, and are provided as efficiently and effectively as possible. |
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Term
| DRG (Diagnostic Related Groups) |
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Definition
| Schedules of fees placing a ceiling on how much the government will par for specific services rendered to Medicare patients by hospitals and doctors. |
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Definition
| The purposeful calculation of the most efficient means to reach goals. |
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Definition
| A process of making decisions with an emphasis on ideal values |
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Definition
| Corporations that minimize their expenses through an emphasis on the efficient use of resources. |
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Term
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Definition
| A doctor must look out for whats best for the company and the patient |
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Term
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Definition
| Heath Care Organizations control the cost of health care by: monitoring how doctors treat specific illnesses, limiting referrals to specialists, and requiring authorization prior to hospitalization. Have the potential to reorganize health care into a stable, lower cost system, but could disrupt doctor-patient relationships and quality. |
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Term
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Definition
| Utilizes clinical practice guidelines based on "proven" procedures to provide detailed step-by-step instructions on medical care. Meant to reduce uncertainty among students. |
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Term
| Subordinate Position of Nursing (Freidson) |
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Definition
| (1) Technical knowledge of health occupations must be approved by physicians, (2) usually assist physicians rather than replace the skills, (3) their work occurs at the request of the physician, (4) physicians have the greatest prestige in the field |
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Term
| How has nursing changed since the 19th century? |
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Definition
| Florence Nightingale suggested that nursing was a formal profession with a system of behaviors, although not a position of leadership. Also, more education was required. |
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Term
| Central rule of the Doctor-Nurse Game |
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Definition
| Avoid open disagreement between players. The greater the significance of the nurse's recommendation, the greater subtlety with which it must be conveyed. |
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Term
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Definition
| Most common. Controlled by board of trustees. |
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Definition
| Generally lack prestige compared to other hospitals. Major source of care for low-income populations. |
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Term
| Mechanisms of Hospital Processing the reduce patients to an impersonal status |
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Definition
| (1) Stripping of personal belongings and control over visitors and daily routines, (2) Control of resources, including diagnostic information by staff, (3) Restriction of patient mobility. |
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| Routine Costs of Hospitals |
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Definition
| Room and board, employee salaries, and the cost of nonmedical supplies. |
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Term
| Ancillary Costs of Hospitals |
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Definition
| Laboratory, surgical, diagnostic, and medical supply costs. |
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Term
| Cost of Healthcare per capita in 2007 |
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Definition
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Term
| Rising Health Care cost factors |
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Definition
| Aging of the population, Increases in hospital expenses and doctors' fees, increased cost of health insurance, increased use of advertising for prescription drugs. |
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Term
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Definition
| Federal program. Provides hospital and medical insurance for people over 65. Also, disabled people are covered. |
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Term
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Definition
| Welfare program, More of a state program than a federal program. Provides healthcare to the poor. |
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Term
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Definition
| Financing system employed by managed care organizations. A fixed monthly sum is paid by subscriber and his/her employer guarantees person and immediate family. |
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Term
| HMO (Health Maintenance Organization |
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Definition
| Managed care prepaid group practices, individual pays a monthly premium for comprehensive health care services. |
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Term
| Preferred Provider Organization |
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Definition
| Relatively new. Employers who purchase group health insurance agree to send their employees to particular hospitals or doctors in return for discounts. |
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Term
| Allied Health Enterprises |
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Definition
| Manufacturers of pharmaceuticals and medical supplies and equipment, which play a major role in research, development, and distribution of medical goods. |
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Term
| Problems in Equity of Health Service |
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Definition
| May not be available in rural areas. |
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Term
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Definition
| Based on the theories of Karl Marx and Max Weber. Inequality leads to conflict, which leads to change. |
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Definition
| Medical treatment that utilizes modern technology |
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Term
| Goffman's Face refers to what identity |
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Definition
| The positive social value that individuals claim for themselves, by the line that others assume they have taken during a particular encounter. An image of self that is projected by the individual to other people. |
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