Term
|
Definition
1) Crystal Violet
2)Iodine (mordant)
3)Alcohol
4)Saphranin |
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Term
|
Definition
1) Malachite Green
2) Steam (mordant)
3) Water
4) Saphranin |
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Term
|
Definition
1) Carbolfuschin
2) Steam
3) Acid-alcohol
4) Methylene blue |
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Term
|
Definition
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Term
|
Definition
| negative stain followed by a simple stain |
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Term
| Four different types of media |
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Definition
| nonselective, selective, differential, specialized |
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Term
|
Definition
| Sensitive, intermediate and resistant |
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Term
|
Definition
| viral host cell damage due to viral overload, cytocidal effects, and noncytocidal effects |
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Term
|
Definition
| recognize multiple epitopes |
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Term
|
Definition
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Term
|
Definition
| bind to the desired antigen |
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Term
|
Definition
| bind to another specific kind of antibody |
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Term
| Three methods of Antibody Labelling |
|
Definition
| fluorescent dyes, enzyme labels, and gold particles |
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Term
|
Definition
| labelled antibodies bind to specific things in sample |
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Term
|
Definition
| use of antibodies to break organisms into groups |
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Term
|
Definition
| living cells are sent down a thin tube where a visual detector looks at specific properties |
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Term
|
Definition
Enzyme Linked ImmunoSorbent Assay
enzyme is attached to an antibody to determine if it binds to specific antibodies or antigens |
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Term
|
Definition
|
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Term
|
Definition
| purified protein is run thru a protein gel, transferred to a membrane and incubated with a specific antibody |
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Term
|
Definition
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|
Term
| Minimum significant dilution |
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Definition
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Term
|
Definition
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Term
|
Definition
| fragments of DNA that can be used to look for specific sequences |
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Term
|
Definition
| location of certain DNA within the tissue |
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Term
|
Definition
| probe for DNA after gel electrophoresis |
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Term
|
Definition
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Term
|
Definition
| unknown DNA is labelled and allowed to hybridize with DNA on the chip |
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Term
|
Definition
polymerase chain reaction
logarithmic multiplication of DNA samples |
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Term
|
Definition
reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction
copy RNA to DNA then perform regular PCR |
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Term
|
Definition
| sequential PCR using two sets of primer, one internal to the first |
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Term
|
Definition
| multiple PCRs performed in the same tube |
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Term
|
Definition
| fluorescent probes immediately detect product DNA |
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Term
|
Definition
Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism
Cut DNA samples with restriction enzyme then compare banding patterns |
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Term
|
Definition
Pulse Field Gel Electrophoresis
used to visualize very large DNA fragments |
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|
Term
| Most abundant bacteria in the mouth |
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Definition
|
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Term
|
Definition
1) blockage of binding sites
2) sequestering of nutrients
3) pH and O2 variation
4) antimicrobial production |
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Term
|
Definition
| presence of an infectious organism |
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Term
|
Definition
| any negative change in a person's health |
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Term
|
Definition
| study of the cause of disease |
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Term
|
Definition
| microorganisms located on/in the body |
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Term
|
Definition
| symptoms develop quickly, but only last a short time |
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Term
|
Definition
| symptoms develop slowly, but persist for a long time |
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Term
|
Definition
| symptoms continue to reappear long after the initial infection |
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Term
|
Definition
| initial site of a spreading infection |
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Term
|
Definition
| organisms multiplying in the blood |
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Term
|
Definition
1) Incubation
2) Prodromal
3) Illness
4) Decline
5) Convalescence |
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Term
|
Definition
| pathogen enters body and begins growing |
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Term
|
Definition
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|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
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Term
|
Definition
| major symptoms have disappeared and patient is beginning to return to preinfection state |
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Term
|
Definition
| massive leakage of plasma that causes blood pressure to plummet and the blood to clot |
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Term
|
Definition
| Multi-Organ Dysfunction Syndrome |
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Term
|
Definition
| Systemic Inflammatory Response Syndrome |
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Term
|
Definition
| Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation |
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Term
|
Definition
| a disease unrelated to the normal transmission cycle |
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Term
|
Definition
| an accidental host which may or may not be able to transmit an infection |
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Term
|
Definition
| number of new cases over a specific period of time |
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Term
|
Definition
| total number of people infected at any one time |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| a constantly present disease in a population |
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Term
|
Definition
| occurs as a small number of isolated cases |
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Term
|
Definition
| very high incidence rate of disease in a population |
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|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| sites in which viable infectious organisms persist |
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|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Direct contact transmission types |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Indirect contact transmission types |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| inanimate objects such as water, air, food, blood and drugs |
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Term
|
Definition
| living agents of disease transmission, whether by mechanical or biological transmission |
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Term
|
Definition
| Animal Control, Vector Control, Sterilization of Fomites, Treatment, Immunization, Education, and Quarantine |
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Term
|
Definition
| extremely drug resistant tuberculosis |
|
|
Term
| Five main groups of Eubacteria associated with infection |
|
Definition
| Spirochetes, Chlamydia, Actinobacteria, Gram-positive bacteria, and Proteobacteria |
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Term
|
Definition
| thick peptidoglycan covers cell membrane and contains teichoic acid |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| Thin peptidoglycan between two membranes, the outer containing LPS |
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Term
|
Definition
| membrane coated in peptidoglycan, fatty acids and a capsule-like material |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| dormant form of G+ bacteria that are resistant to most errthang |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Obligate intracellular parasites that are very simple with small genomes and mitochondrial remnants |
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|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| ciliates; only parasitic is Balantinidium coli |
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Term
|
Definition
| flagellate with mitosomes |
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Term
|
Definition
| flagellates that are disk-shaped and are either euglenoids or hemoflagellates |
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Term
|
Definition
| non-motile obligate parasites like Plasmodium |
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Term
|
Definition
| spore-forming, heterophilic, eukaryotes |
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Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| flukes; have leaf-shaped bodies w/ ventral and oral suckers |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| tapeworms; head has suckers and body is made of proglottids |
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Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Number 1 vector of infectious disease |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| kissing bug; spreads CHagas disease |
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|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| invasion of tissue with dipterous larva which feed upon living or dead tissue |
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Term
|
Definition
| fly which lays eggs on mosquitoes, which transport the larva to humans, where they bore into the skin |
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Term
|
Definition
1) obligate intracellular parasites
2) DNA or RNA genome
3) uses host cell machinery to make viral components
4) has an extracellular infectious phase |
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Term
|
Definition
parasitizes another virus (the helper virus)
E.g. Hepatitis D |
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Term
|
Definition
| capsid and nucleic acid of a virus |
|
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Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Steps of the Viral Life Cycle |
|
Definition
| 1) Attachment 2) Penetration 3) Uncoating 4) Synthesis 5) Maturation/Assembly 6) Release |
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Term
|
Definition
| equivalent to mRNA, it may be infectious alone |
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Term
|
Definition
| equivalent to DNA, it must be accompanied by replication proteins and a genome |
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Term
|
Definition
| keeps the virus inactive/reactivates it |
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Term
|
Definition
| protein responsible for inserting the viral genome into the host cell genome |
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Term
|
Definition
| infectious proteins which lack a genetic component and affect the brain |
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Term
|
Definition
| infectious form of a protein which converts normal PrPc into PrP* |
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Term
|
Definition
| require levels of CO2 higher than that of air |
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Term
|
Definition
| grows well at 15 degrees Celsius or below |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Optimal growth between 25-45 Celsius (human pathogens) |
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Term
|
Definition
| uptake and incorporation of free DNA |
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Term
|
Definition
| uptake and incorporation of DNA via viral vector |
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Term
|
Definition
| uptake and incorporation of plasmid DNA |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| nonspecific host immunity |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| specific host defenses acquired after exposure to an infectious agent |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| first antibodies to appear after initial exposure |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| most abundant antibody class; only one transported across the placenta |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| most abundant antibody class in mucous and other secretions |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| dimeric IgA that binds secretory peptide |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| fluid secreted by breasts at the start of lactation |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| bound to specific cells and involved in allergic type reactions |
|
|
Term
| Cell-mediated responses do three things: |
|
Definition
1. stimulate an immune response
2. Phagocytosis
3. Secretion of digestive enzymes and compounds |
|
|
Term
| Four essential roles of inflammation |
|
Definition
1. Activation of immune cells
2. Delivery of effector molecules to the site of infection
3. Microvascular coagulation
4. Repair of injured tissue |
|
|
Term
| Four methods of microbial antagonism: |
|
Definition
1. Block binding sites
2. Compete for nutrients
3. Affect pH and O2
4. Produce antimicrobial compounds |
|
|
Term
| Primary immune deficiency |
|
Definition
| results from some mutation |
|
|
Term
| Secondary immune deficiency |
|
Definition
| result of some acute or chronic infection |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| most common secondary immunodeficiency; occurs after infection of beta cells by enterovirus |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| lack of complement leads to increased diseases, especially Neisseria gonorrhea and Neisseria meningitidis |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| caused by an autoantibody produced in the synovial fluid of the joints |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| occurs after infection with Group A streptococci |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| cause the direct killing of microbes |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| stop further growth of the organism |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| cause the cells to literally burst |
|
|
Term
| Six factors effecting the effectiveness of antimicrobials |
|
Definition
Number of microbes
concentration
duration of exposure
environmental factors
endospore formation
temperature |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| complete killing of all vegetative cells AND endospores |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| killing of vegetative cells on an inanimate surface |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| removal of dirt and dust from a surface |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| killing of vegetative cells on a biological surface |
|
|
Term
| Three purposes of antimicrobials |
|
Definition
1. Preservation
2. Chemotherapy
3. Decontamination |
|
|
Term
| Physical means of control |
|
Definition
| Heat, filtration and radiation |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| 121 degrees Celsius at 15 lb/square inch for 30 minutes to kill all cells and spores |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| isolated from Streptomyces, it is the drug of choice for Candida albicans |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| sets of genes that move as a group |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
differential for hemolysis
alpha - green zone
beta - clear zone
gamma - no zone |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
enriched with Colistin and Nalidixic Acid to inhibit G- bacteria
Same hemolysis results as BAP |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
used to identify Pseudomonads
purple paper + |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
used to ID G+ Staph & Strep
breakdown of H2O2 to O2 + |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Group A strep - S
Group C step - R |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
test for Staph aureus
add bacteria to rabbit serum, watch for clumping + |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
tests halotolerance
yellow +
purple - |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
tests for Esculin hydrolysis
black precipitate + (enterococcus)
no precip - |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
ID Group A streptococcus
place disks on plate & add bacteria
pink + |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Potassium tellurite inhibits all BUT Corynebacterium diphteriae
cause a brown precipitate w/ halo |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Lecithinase: ID's bacillus (opaque precip +)
Lipase: (oil on water sheen +)
Protease: (clear zone +) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
amylase test
add 0.5x iodine (clearing +) |
|
|
Term
| Phenol Red Carbohydrate Broth |
|
Definition
Durem tube - measures CO2 production (G)
yellow +/A
orange -
pink -/K |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Listeria forms an umbrella (only motile at microaerophilic environment) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
glucose (bottom) and lactose (top): yellow +/A, red -/K
Gas production +/G
H2S: black precipitate + |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| test for Staph. saprophyticus-R |
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|
