Term
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Definition
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Hydrophobic interactions
*Not best amino acid to use |
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Term
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Definition
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Hydrophobic interactions |
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Term
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Definition
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Hydrophobic interactions |
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Term
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Definition
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Hydrophobic interactions
Van der Waals |
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Term
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Definition
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Stacking
Hydrophobic interactions |
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Term
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Definition
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Dipole-dipole
Hydrogen bonding
Ion-dipole |
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Term
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Definition
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Dipole-dipole
Hydrogen bonding
Ion-dipole |
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Term
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Definition
[image]
Dipole-dipole
Hydrogen bonding (acceptor only)
Ion-dipole |
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Term
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Definition
[image]
Dipole-dipole
Hydrogen bonding
Ion-dipole
Stacking |
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Term
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Definition
[image]
Dipole-dipole
Hydrogen bonding
Ion-dipole
Hydrophobic interactions |
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Term
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Definition
Alkanes (3 or more C)
Cycloalkanes (monosubstituted, even-numbered)
Affects last carbon in chain
*Makes primary alcohols in alkanes
*Makes secondary alcohols in cycloalkanes in para position |
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Term
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Definition
Alkanes (3 or more C)
Cycloalkanes (monosubstituted, even-numbered)
Affects second to last carbon in chain
Oxygen is inserted between C and H
*Secondary alcohols made in both alkanes and cycloalkanes (ortho) |
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Term
Peroxidation and Epoxidation |
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Definition
*Rule: At least one H atom on each alkene C atom
Peroxidation:
Alkenes are transformed (two O atoms are added)
Epoxidation:
Peroxide collapses and only one O atom remains (cyclic ether with three ring atoms) |
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Term
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Definition
*Allylic position is the C atom directly attached to the alkene (aliphatic and not part of aromatic hydrocarbon)
*Allylic C must have at least one H atom attached
Transformed into an alcohol |
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Term
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Definition
Aromatic hydrocarbons undergo para hydroxylation and are transformed into a phenol
Phenols undergo ortho hydroxylation and are transformed into a catechol (ortho to OH group)
*Ipso carbon: C to which R group is attached
*Meta hydroxylation NEVER occurs |
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Term
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Definition
Benzylic position is the C directly attached to an aromatic ring
C must be aliphatic, not part of an aromatic ring, have one or more H atoms attached, and cannot have a heteroatom already attached (OH, NR2)
Creates an alcohol |
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Term
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Definition
Primary and secondary alcohols only
*Rule: C bearing the OH group must have one or more H atoms attached
Primary alcohol transforms into aldehyde and then carboxylic acid
Secondary alcohol transforms into ketone |
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Term
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Definition
*Rule: C that bears the ether O atom has one or more H atoms attached
Ether transformed to give an alcohol and either an aldehyde or a ketone |
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Term
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Definition
*Rule: C that bears the thioether S atom has one or more H atoms attached
Thioethers |
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Term
Aliphatic Alkanes and Cycloalkanes |
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Definition
Hydrophobic
Neutral
Contributes to Absorption
Bulky
Hydrophobic Interactions*
*Aliphatic alkanes with 3 or more carbons and no branching can also participate in van der Waals interactions |
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Term
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Definition
Hydrophobic
Neutral
Contributes to Absorption
Bulky
Hydrophobic Interactions |
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Term
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Definition
Hydrophobic
Neutral
Contributes to Absorption
Linear
Hydrophobic Interactions |
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Term
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Definition
Hydrophobic
Neutral
Contributes to Absorption
Flat
Stacking/Hydrophobic Interactions |
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Term
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Definition
Halogens (F, Cl, Br, I)
Hydrophobic*
Neutral
Contributes to Absorption*
Character (shape) depends on hydrocarbon
Function (interaction) depends on hydrocarbon
*F has hydrophilic character and contributes to solubility |
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Term
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Definition
Primary, secondary, and tertiary (R-OH where R is not an aromatic ring)
Hydrophobic (R), Hyrophilic (OH)
Neutral
Contributes to Absorption (R), Contributes to Solubility (OH)
Dipole-dipole, H-bonding (A+D), Ion-dipole (as dipole) |
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Term
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Definition
R-SH where R is not an aromatic ring
Hydrophobic (R), Hyrophilic (SH)
Acidic
Contributes to Absorption (R), Contributes to Solubility (SH)
Dipole-dipole, H-bonding (D), Ion-dipole (as dipole) |
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Term
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Definition
Ar-OH
Hydrophobic (R=Ar), Hyrophilic (OH)
Acidic; pKa ~ 10
Contributes to Absorption (R=Ar), Contributes to Solubility (OH)
Dipole-dipole, H-bonding (A+D), Ion-dipole (as dipole) |
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Term
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Definition
Ar-SH
Hydrophobic (R=Ar), Hyrophilic (SH)
Acidic; pKa ~ 6.6
Contributes to Absorption (R=Ar), Contributes to Solubility (SH)
Dipole-dipole, H-bonding (D), Ion-dipole (as dipole) |
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Term
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Definition
R-O-R (2 non-carbonyl atoms)
Hydrophobic (R), Hyrophilic (O)
Neutral
Contributes to Absorption (R), Contributes to Solubility (O)
Dipole-dipole, H-bonding (A), Ion-dipole (as dipole) |
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Term
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Definition
R-S-R (2 non-carbonyl C atoms)
Hydrophobic
Neutral
Contributes to Absorption
Hydrophobic interactions |
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