Painful, abnormal, difficult, labored.

Example: Dyspepsia – Difficult or painful digestion, often referred to as indigestion, characterized by symptoms like bloating, nausea, or heartburn.

Within, in

Example: Endogastric – A term referring to something occurring within the stomach, such as an endogastric procedure that involves accessing the interior of the stomach for diagnostic or therapeutic purposes.

Half

Example: Hemigastrectomy – Surgical removal of half of the stomach, typically performed to treat severe ulcers or stomach cancer.

Excessive or above normal.

Example: Hypergastrinemia – A condition involving excessive levels of gastrin (a digestive hormone) in the blood, which can lead to overproduction of stomach acid and conditions like Zollinger-Ellison syndrome.

Below normal or deficient.

Example: Hypoglycemia – A condition characterized by abnormally low blood sugar levels, often causing symptoms like dizziness, weakness, and confusion, and requiring prompt treatment with glucose.

Bad or poor.

Example: Malabsorption – Poor absorption of nutrients in the digestive tract, which can result from conditions like celiac disease, Crohn’s disease, or chronic pancreatitis, leading to malnutrition.

Beside, near, or abnormal.

Example: Paracolitis – Inflammation occurring near or adjacent to the colon, often associated with diverticulitis or infections.

Around or surrounding.

Example: Perigastric – Pertaining to the area around the stomach, often used to describe inflammation, abscesses, or surgical observations in this region.

 Under, below.

Example: Sublingual – Situated under the tongue, often referring to medications that dissolve beneath the tongue for quick absorption.

Across or through.

Example: Transgastric – Referring to procedures or conditions that occur through the stomach, such as a transgastric endoscopic procedure used for accessing abdominal organs.

Without, lack of.

Example: Anuria – The absence of urine production, often indicating kidney failure or severe dehydration, requiring immediate medical evaluation and treatment.

Excessive, above normal.

Example: Hyperuricemia – Excessive levels of uric acid in the blood, which can lead to conditions such as gout or kidney stones if untreated.

 Below normal, deficient.

Example: Hyposthenuria – The excretion of excessively dilute urine due to the kidneys' inability to concentrate it properly, often associated with conditions like diabetes insipidus or chronic kidney disease.

Many, excessive.

Example: Polyuria – Excessive urine output, commonly associated with conditions like diabetes mellitus or diabetes insipidus, often leading to dehydration if untreated.

 Night.

Example: Nocturia – Frequent urination at night, which can disrupt sleep and may result from conditions like overactive bladder, urinary tract infections, or heart failure.

Few or scanty.

Example: Oliguria – Scanty urine output, often a sign of kidney dysfunction, dehydration, or shock, requiring urgent medical attention.

 Pertaining to.

Example: Celiac – Pertaining to the abdomen, often used in conditions like celiac disease, an autoimmune disorder where the ingestion of gluten damages the small intestine.

Pertaining to.

Example: Colorectal – Pertaining to the colon and rectum, often used in the context of colorectal cancer or surgeries.

Hernia, protrusion.

Example: Gastrocele – A hernia of the stomach, often resulting from a weakness in the diaphragm or abdominal wall.

Surgical puncture to aspirate fluid.

Example: Paracentesis – A procedure involving the surgical puncture of the abdomen to remove excess fluid, commonly performed in cases of ascites.

Excision

Example: Appendectomy – Surgical removal of the appendix, often performed in cases of appendicitis.

The record, radiographic image.

Example: Cholangiogram – A radiographic image of the bile ducts obtained using contrast material, often performed during Endoscopic Retrograde Cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) to assess blockages or other abnormalities in the bile ducts.

Process of recording.

Example: Electrogastrography – The process of recording the electrical activity of the stomach to assess its motility and function, often used to diagnose conditions like gastroparesis or dyspepsia..

Condition.

Example: Cholelithiasis – A condition involving the presence of gallstones in the gallbladder, which can cause pain and blockages.

Pertaining to.

Example: Renal – Pertaining to the kidneys, as in renal function, which refers to how well the kidneys filter waste from the blood.

Pertaining to.

Example: Urinary – Pertaining to urine or the urinary system, such as in urinary tract infection (UTI), which affects the kidneys, ureters, bladder, or urethra.

The recorded radiographic image.

Example: Urogram – A radiographic image of the urinary tract, used to identify blockages, stones, or other abnormalities.

Process of recording, radiographic imaging.

Example: Pyelography – The process of obtaining X-ray images of the renal pelvis and ureters, often using contrast dye.

Enlarged, enlargement.

Example: Nephromegaly – Enlargement of the kidneys, which may occur due to hydronephrosis or other conditions affecting the renal system.

Suturing, repairing.

Example: Cystorrhaphy – Surgical suturing of the bladder, often performed to repair tears or injuries.

Creation of an artificial opening.

Example: Urostomy – A surgical procedure creating an artificial opening in the abdominal wall to divert urine from the bladder.

BMI 

Body Mass Index

A measurement of body fat based on height and weight, used to assess whether an individual is underweight, normal weight, overweight, or obese.

EGD

Esophagogastroduodenoscop

A diagnostic procedure in which a flexible endoscope is used to examine the esophagus, stomach, and upper part of the small intestine (duodenum).

FTT 

Failure to Thrive

A condition in infants or children characterized by insufficient weight gain or growth, often caused by inadequate nutrition or underlying medical conditions.

GERD

 Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease

A chronic condition in which stomach acid or bile flows back into the esophagus, causing symptoms such as heartburn, regurgitation, and difficulty swallowing.

PUD 

Peptic Ulcer Disease 

A condition characterized by open sores or ulcers in the lining of the stomach or duodenum, often caused by Helicobacter pylori infection or the use of NSAIDs.

IBD 

Inflammatory Bowel Disease

A group of chronic inflammatory conditions affecting the gastrointestinal tract, primarily including Crohn’s disease and ulcerative colitis.

Acute Renal Failure

A sudden loss of kidney function, leading to the accumulation of waste products in the blood and an imbalance of electrolytes. It is often reversible with prompt treatment.

Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia

A non-cancerous enlargement of the prostate gland, common in older men, that can cause urinary symptoms such as difficulty starting urination or a weak urine stream.

Catheterization

The insertion of a catheter, a thin flexible tube, into the bladder to drain urine, monitor output, or deliver medications directly to the urinary tract.

 End-Stage Renal Disease

The final stage of chronic kidney disease, where the kidneys can no longer support the body's needs, often requiring dialysis or kidney transplantation. 

 Urinary Tract Infection

An infection affecting any part of the urinary system, including the bladder, urethra, or kidneys, commonly causing symptoms like painful urination and frequent urges to urinate.

Extracorporeal Shockwave Lithotripsy

A non-invasive procedure that uses shock waves to break up kidney stones into smaller pieces, allowing them to pass through the urinary tract. 

Liver

Example: Hepatomegaly – Enlargement of the liver, often caused by infections, fatty liver disease, or cancer.

Hernia, protrusion of an organ through a membrane or cavity wall

Example: Herniorrhaphy – Surgical repair of a hernia to reposition the protruding organ and strengthen the surrounding tissue.

Abdomen, abdominal cavity

Example: Laparoscopy – A minimally invasive surgical procedure used to view and treat abdominal or pelvic conditions.

Pancreas.

Example: Pancreatitis – Inflammation of the pancreas, often caused by gallstones or excessive alcohol consumption.

Mouth.

Example: Stomatitis – Inflammation of the mouth, which can result from infections, irritants, or systemic diseases.

Uvula

Example: Uvulectomy – Surgical removal of the uvula, often performed to treat snoring or sleep apnea.

Dryness.

Example: Xerostomia – Dryness of the mouth caused by reduced saliva production, often associated with certain medications or medical conditions.

Albumin.

Example: Albuminuria – The presence of albumin (a type of protein) in the urine, often a sign of kidney damage or disease, such as nephrotic syndrome.

Bladder, sac.

Example: Cystitis – Inflammation of the urinary bladder, often caused by bacterial infection, leading to frequent and painful urination.

Glomerulus.

Example: Glomerulonephritis – Inflammation of the glomeruli, the tiny filtering units in the kidneys, which can lead to kidney dysfunction or failure.

Kidney.

Example: Nephrectomy – Surgical removal of a kidney, often performed due to cancer, trauma, or severe infection.

Ureter.

Example: Ureteroplasty – Surgical repair of a ureter to correct blockages or structural abnormalities.

Bladder, sac.

Example: Vesicoureteral reflux – A condition where urine flows backward from the bladder into the ureters, increasing the risk of kidney infections and damage.

Renal pelvis.

Example: Pyelitis – Inflammation of the renal pelvis, often caused by bacterial infections ascending from the bladder.