Term
| Helps detoxify certain agents that damage cells |
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Definition
| Glutathione and Glutathione-S Transferase |
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Term
| covalently bind to cell macromolecules (conjugation with GSH will detoxify) |
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Definition
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Term
| molecules with unpaired electrons, highly reactive |
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Definition
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Term
| depletion of GSH at high doses of toxicant |
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Definition
| saturation of detoxification |
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Term
| electrons and oxygen moving around in the mitochrondria |
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Definition
| can form superoxide anions, hydrogen peroxide, hydroxyl radical |
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Term
| can detoxify ROS, RNS, radicals |
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Definition
| normal cellular antioxidants |
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Term
| increases ROS/RNS/radicals |
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Definition
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Term
| many xenobiotics are bioactivated by these |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| generate oxidizing species that can damage cell macromolecules |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| iron and hydrogen peroxide |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| contains iron that can interact with DNA |
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Definition
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Term
| xenobiotics that oxidize DNA |
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Definition
| iron and copper (reactive metals) |
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Term
| radical-induced damage that spreads to large areas of cell membranes |
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Definition
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Term
| cell integrity compromised by loss of ability to maintain ion balance |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Doxorubicine, Mitomycin C |
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Term
| degreaser (can cause lipid peroxidation) |
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Definition
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Term
| destroy enzymes that normally maintain elastic properties of the lung --> emphysema |
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Definition
| radicals in cigarette smoke |
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Term
| oxidation of LDL stimulates plaque accumulation in vessels |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| xenoestrogens, phytoestrogens (plants) |
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Term
| interfere with formation and function of reproductive organs |
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Definition
| reactions with nuclear receptors (estrogen receptor) |
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Term
| synthetic estrogen used in mid 1900s to prevent miscarriage- caused vaginal cancer in some daughters of women who took it |
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Definition
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Term
| can react with xenobiotics to cause endocrine distruption |
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Definition
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Term
| reaction with xenobiotics can activate this to cause changes in protein production, cell proliferation, and cell death |
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Definition
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Term
| xenobiotic forms permanent bond with a cell macromolecule |
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Definition
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Term
| seek to bind with nucleophillic compounds (proteins/DNA) |
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Definition
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Term
| bioactivated by P450--> covalently binds to proteins especially in the liver |
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Definition
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Term
| produced by blue-green algae |
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Definition
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Term
| Toxicc microcystins covanetly bind and destroy enzymes that regulate this |
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Definition
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Term
| when toxic microcysts covalently bind the cell distorts causing a disruption of endothelium |
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Definition
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Term
| anticancer drug; form covalent bonds with DNA, can be carcinogenic by mutating DNA |
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Definition
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Term
| from cigarette smoke; forms covalent bond with DNA and can be carcinogenic by mutating DNA |
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Definition
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Term
| fungal toxic; DNA as target |
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Definition
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Term
| physically plugs sodium channels; can cause respiratory failure due to paralysis of nerves that control breathing |
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Definition
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Term
| on insects; forces sodium channel to stay open so axon can't vaporize |
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Definition
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Term
| Acts on sodium-potassium pumps(disruption of ion transporters and ion homeostasis) |
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Definition
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Term
| inhibits enzymes containing iron in the electron transport chain (disruption of mitochondrial function) |
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Definition
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Term
| Disruption of mitochondrial function |
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Definition
| Interfere with electron transport; Interfere with proton gradient within mitochondria |
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Term
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Definition
| Phase I and II of metabolism |
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Term
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Definition
| Benzo(a)pyrene and other polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons |
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Term
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Definition
| Acetaminophen, NNK=tobacco |
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Term
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Definition
| Benzene (component of gasoline) |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| has a sulfhydryl group that makes it important in scavenging a lot of potentially harmful chemical species |
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Definition
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Term
| normal cellular antioxidants |
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Definition
| Glutathione, Glutathione peroxidase, superoxide dismutase, catalase, vitamin E, Vitamin C, Beta-ccarotene |
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Term
| most sensitive to the attack by hydroxyl radical in DNA |
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Definition
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Term
| Examples that can cause lipid peroxidation |
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Definition
| doxyrubicin, mitomycin C, carbon tetrachloride |
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Term
| oxidation can crosslink/destroy these |
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Definition
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Term
| examples of protein damage (leading to a toxic response that causes destruction of cell receptor or enzyme) |
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Definition
| Radicals in cigarette smoke; oxidation of LDL in atherosclerosis |
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Term
| activations of these work to control cell signaling, which affect the development of cells, metabolism, and general function of tissues |
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Definition
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Term
| Diffuses into the cell and binds to the nuclear receptors; then they go into the nucleus and bind response elements in their target genes in DNA and cause the production of proteins |
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Definition
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Term
| Change in protein production; change in cell proliferation, cell survival, and cell death |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Acetaminophen and Toxic Microcystins (cyanobacteria) |
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Term
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Definition
| Anticcancer drugs, Benzo-a-pyrine, Aflatoxin |
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Term
| Interference with neuronal sodium channels |
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Definition
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Term
| Present in puffer fish, is ingested and accumulates only in the ovaries, intestine and liver of the fish. Can lead to respiratory failure |
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Definition
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Term
| Humans have enzymes that metabolize and clear this very rapidly so it is not very toxic in humans |
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Definition
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Term
| Disruption of mitochondrial function (so it can't generate ATP) |
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Definition
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Term
| present in many combustible items; binds to iron containing proteins in the electron transport chain--> ATP not made --> shuts down respiration, cardiac fxn, and CNS |
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Definition
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Term
| To save people from cyanide poisoning |
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Definition
| Compound that converts ferric iron to ferrous iron |
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Term
| precursor to vitamin B12; interacts with the sodium and become B12 |
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Definition
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Term
| move hydrogen backwards across the membrane; causes energy normally used to create ATP to be released as heat instead |
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Definition
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Term
| used to be a diet drug; caused hypothermia |
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Definition
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Term
| when DNP and PCP move protons back across the membrane then move back to the inner membrane space and do this over again |
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Definition
| uncoupling oxidative phosphorylation |
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