Term
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Definition
| factors that enhance the ability of bateria to cause disease |
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Term
| what do NORMAL FLORA do? wat ah zeh guht fer? 3 things. |
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Definition
1.) produce vitamins (e.g. Vit. K)
2.) Help digest food
3.) protective function |
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Term
| Distinguish between a sign and a symptom, you freaking freak face. |
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Definition
Sign=OBJECTIVE evidence or manifestation of an illness or disordered function of the body
Symptom=1--SUBJECTIVE impressions from the patient
2-- any preceptible change in the body or its functions that indicates disease |
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Term
| What are the two major risk factors for disease. DISEASE RISK FACTORS |
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Definition
1.) bacterial strain
2.) inoculum size |
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Term
| define INOCULUM. what is a SMALL inoculum vs. a LARGE inoculum? |
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Definition
Pathogen you are being exposed to.
Small= <200 cells
Large= 10 to the 8th ---a million cells or more! |
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Term
| name the six steps involved in the chain of infection...start anywhere but GO IN ORDER |
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Definition
1.) infectious agent
2.) reservoir
3.) portal of exit
4.) mode of transmission
5.) portal of entry
6.) susceptible host--> back to infectious agent |
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Term
| list 4 of the barriers to bacterial infection...what's protecting yo ass? |
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Definition
1.) skin
2.) mucus
3.) ciliated epithelium
4.) secretions with antibacterial properties |
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Term
| Name sterile sites of the body |
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Definition
| blood, CSF, urine, synovial fluid, pleural fluid |
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Term
| Patients with Cystic Fibrosis have a reduction in function of...... |
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Definition
| ciliary mucoepithelial cells |
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Term
| when a normally sterile site is colonized...what does this indicate? |
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Definition
| that there is a DEFECTIVE natural defense mechanism. AKA something is wrong. RED FLARES. |
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Term
| the trachea or windpipe is ____ in nature. |
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Definition
| secreory. (it posesses many exocrine glands) |
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Term
| where do ciliated and mucous cells predominate. |
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Definition
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Term
| goblet mucosal cells are covered by what? |
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Definition
Goblet mucosal cells are covered by microvilli.
(hint: think Harry Potter's GOBLET of fire-covered by MICROscopic things from everyone sticking their anxious little paws all over it. competitive bitches, get your own goblet!) |
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Term
| What do goblet cells produce? Why? |
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Definition
| Produce mucous--secreted through microvilli, so that TINY PARTICLES PRESENT IN INHALED AIR ARE TRAPPED. |
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Term
| Describe the function of CILIATED CELLS! [stat!] |
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Definition
| ciliated cells move the mucous upwards and out of the respiratory tract, thus cleaning the pathway. |
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Term
| How are the human lungs effective scrubbers? |
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Definition
| The lungs eliminate inhaled microbes. How do they do this you may ask? In the tiny alveoli sacs of the lungs, single microbes are quickly ingested by the activated neutrophils. |
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Term
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Definition
| bacterial ability to bind to specific receptors on tissue surfaces |
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Term
| define FIMBRIAE, and what is another name for it? |
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Definition
| hairlike appendanges on many gram negative bacili. AKA pili/pilus |
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Term
| what is LIPOTEICHOIC ACID? |
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Definition
| Component of gram positive cell wall, and it is linked to that is linked to the cytoplasmic membrane |
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Term
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Definition
| an ASSEMBLAGE OF MICROBIAL CELLS that is irreversibly associated with a surface and enclosed in a MATRIX OF PRIMARILY POLYSACCHARIDE MATERIAL. |
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Term
| give examples of where BIOFILMS may form. |
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Definition
| living tissues, indwelling mechanical decives, industrial or potable water system piping, or natural aqautic systems. |
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Term
| what do biofilms facilitate? |
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Definition
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Term
| once bacteria enter the _______ system, they can basically reach all parts of the body. |
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Definition
| circulatory system. Don't want icky bacteria in me blood. |
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Term
| bacteria is better able to defend itself, for example in the mouth, if it has biofilm ____________. (hint: more differnt types) |
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Definition
| biofilm MULTICELLULARITY makes it easier for the bacteria to defend itself. |
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Term
| This card is easy! just glaze eyes over answer! these are organisms commonly found on biofilms. |
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Definition
| candida albicans, coagulase-negative staphylococci, enterococcus spp, klebesiella pneumoniae, pseudomonas aeruginosa, staphlococcus aureus |
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Term
| What does fermentation create? |
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Definition
| acids, gas, and other toxic substances. Degenerative enzymes released by many bacteria...breaks down host tissues as food for the bacteria and promoting their spread. |
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Term
| name an organism that is both normal flora to the GI tract and an opportunistic pathogen. (hint: it's mostly horrible when in anaerobic environment) |
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Definition
| Clostridium perfringens--> the causative agent of gangrene. |
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Term
| C. perfringens releases which degradative enzymes? how is it harmful? |
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Definition
| phospholipase C, collagenase, protease, hyaluronidase. They destory tissue with the addition of several TOXINS, ACID, and GAS from BACTERIAL METABOLISM |
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Term
| what are the degradative enzymes that staphlococci modifies tissue environments with? |
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Definition
| hyaluronidase, fibrinolysin, lipases. |
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Term
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Definition
| The destruction of cells. |
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Term
| bacterial by-products yield degradative enzymes and cause what? |
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Definition
| lysis of tissue cells and initiate system response. The system response is generally FEVER |
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Term
| what is food poisoning, essentially? |
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Definition
| a PRE-FORMED TOXIN. so toxin made prior to entering the body. |
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Term
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Definition
| produced by host when protective systems are activated. The presence of bacterial cell wall triggers a systemic response. |
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Term
| which type of organism produces endotoxins? |
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Definition
| gram NEGATIVE organisms (only gram negative) produce endotoxins |
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Term
| what type(s) of organisms produce EXOTOXINS? |
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Definition
| BOTH gram NEGATIVE and gram POSITIVE produce exotoxins |
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Term
| what is a CYTOLYTIC ENZYME? **hint: remember the definition of -lysis, which is part of this word :) |
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Definition
| = an alpha toxin (phospholipidase C) produced by C. perfringens--breaks down membrane phospholipds resulting in the rupture of the cell. ouchy, ruptured cells! |
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Term
| name the two types of exotoxins! |
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Definition
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Term
| what are the roles of the A and B exotoxins? |
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Definition
B- binds to a special receptor (think B, BIND)
so that...
A subunit can transfer into the cell (think A, ADDED to the cell) |
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Term
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Definition
| Organisms that cause a non-specific SYSTEMIC activation of the immune response. this is a LIFE THREATENING autoimmune response. e.g. staphylococcus aureus: certain strains cause toxic shock syndrome |
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Term
to emphasize:
when we think of superantigens+staphylococcus aureus
our thought process should scream: |
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Definition
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Term
| neonatal tetanus: define/describe |
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Definition
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Term
| what can tetanus do in adults? |
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Definition
| muscle spasms in the back and the legs are rigid...these muscle spasms can actually BREAK bones. |
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Term
| What happens with Rheumatic Fever? |
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Definition
| The body mistakes its own heart tissue for STREPTOCOCCUS PYOGENES-->causing damage to the heart itself. |
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Term
| What happens with poststreptococcal glomerulonephritis? |
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Definition
| these immune complexes clog the glomeruli in the kidneys. |
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Term
| what are the three major antibacterial defenses? |
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Definition
1.) EVADE RECOGNITION and destruction by phagocytic cells
2.) COMPLEMENT SYSTEM
3.) HIDE, by growing inside the cell |
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Term
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Definition
| enhanced phagocytosis usually caused by coating of the particle--would be ingested with either antibody or complement components. (to remember, think: the word "opsonization" starts with an "O" which looks like an open mouth about to chow down on something delicious. phagocytosis. O. open mouth. eating. opsonization. |
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Term
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Definition
| directed movement of an organism, in response to a certain chemical in the environment. Think "-taxis" sounds like "taxi"--a taxi MOVES directionally. |
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Term
| What are the 3 specific methods of evasion that staphylococci utilize? |
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Definition
1.) produce catalase--an enzyme that disables myeloperoxidase system
2.) produce IMMUNOGLOBULIN G (IgG)--binding protein that masks bacteria and prevents ANTIBODY action (Ig-G= G.G. the girl from "he's just not that into you" that no BODY likes. ANTI-BODY. ANTIBODY. G.G. IgG.)
3.) can wall itself off by producing COAGULASE fibrin-->fibrinogen produces a clot-like barrier (staph aureus only) |
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