Term
Viruses (Tumors)
(benign or malignant) |
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Definition
*common wart-HPV
*carcinoma of cervix-HPV
*Kaposi's Sarcoma-cancer blood vessels
*Burkett's Lymphoma
*Liver Cancer-hepatitis B&C virus
*Prostate Cancer |
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Term
| Types of Cancer Associated with Radiation |
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Definition
skin cancer
leukemia
lung cancer
thyroid cancer
granulocytic cancer |
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Term
| Examples of Organ Tropism |
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Definition
cancer of bowel (liver
carcinoma of kidney (thyroid gland)
stomach cancer (ovary)
prostate cancer (bone) |
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Term
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Definition
1-enter circulation
2-leave circulation
3-proliferate as a secondary colony
*less than .01% of circulating tumor cells ultimately initiate metastic colonies |
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Term
| Main Routes of Spread of Cancer |
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Definition
1-lymphatic system
2-veins
3-transcoelomic cavities(stomach,liver)
4-cerebrospinal fluid
5-arteries |
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Term
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Definition
-xray
-biopsy
-antigens
-DNA (most advanced techniques of analyzing cancer) |
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Term
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Definition
-hematologic cancer
-disseminated disease(all over body)
-targets rapidly dividing cells
-tremendous side effects (hair loss, weight loss, etc)
Drug Resistant(1-intrinisic drug resistant 2-acquired drug resistant) |
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Term
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Definition
-excision (surgery)
-chemotherapy
-radiotherapy (radiation)
-endocrine related treatment
-immunotherapy |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
*carry oxygen to RBCs
*usually 4 molecule tetramers
(4 heme's and 4 globins)
*assembly of hemoglobin occurs in mitochondria of erythrocytes precursor in the bone marrow |
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Term
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Definition
| a reduction either in concentration, quality of Hb in the blood, or in the numbers of circulating RBCs |
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Term
| Principle Causes of Anemia |
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Definition
1-defective Hb synthesis
2-diminished RBC production
3-excessive RBC destruction
4-blood loss |
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Term
Hypoxia
(definition and symptoms) |
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Definition
*low oxygen in tissues
*symptoms-breathing difficulty,weakness,fatigue,insomnia,inability to concentrate, and dizziness |
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Term
| Defective Hb Synthesis Due to: |
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Definition
1-enzymatic failure
2-iron deficiency in absorption or diet
(must have iron in diet to make Hb)
3-globin(protein part) chains synthesis is defective |
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Term
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Definition
| result in production of smaller RBCs, which contain reduced amount of Hb |
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Term
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Definition
| change in color of RBCs (less color) |
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Term
Iron Absorption
(Where it's absorbed) |
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Definition
| in the small intestine and stored in the intestinal epithelial cells in the liver and the spleen |
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Term
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Definition
| single nucleotide change, which results in one amino acid substitution |
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Term
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Definition
in the Beta chain of globulin, glumatic acid replaced by valine amino acid
-distort cells resembling sickles
-life span of RBC is 20 days
-trapped in microcirculation |
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Term
| Diminished RBC Production |
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Definition
1-nutrient lack of vitamin B12 and folic acid (essential for DNA synthesis)
2-Bone marrow hypoplasia
3-ineffective erythropoiesis
4-malignant tumors
5-chronic diseases (renal failure) |
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Term
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Definition
Pernicious Anemia
Macrocytic Anemia (RBCs become huge)
Megaloblastic Anemia (RBCs=huge) |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| due to reduced hemopoietic activity |
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Term
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Definition
reduction in all elements of bone marrow cells
-cytoxic drugs
-radiotherapy |
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Term
| Ineffective Erythropoiesis |
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Definition
| RBCs precursors do not develop to maturity, destroyed in the bone marrow,usually by chemotherapy or radiation |
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Term
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Definition
hormone produced by the kidney
necessary for optimal RBC production |
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Term
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Definition
1-intrinsic factors
2-Structural defects/deficiency in intracellular enzymes
3-defect in RBCs membrane
4-Extrinsic destruction |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
|
Definition
| cause destruction of RBCs |
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Term
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Definition
| usually compensated within a few weeks |
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Term
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Definition
| normal size, shape, and color |
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Term
| Prolonged Chronic Blood Loss |
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Definition
-usually insufficient iron to compensate for the loss
-end up with iron deficiency |
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Term
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Definition
| a major cause of death-more than any other |
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Term
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Definition
| hardening of the arteries, which is caused by atheroma |
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Term
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Definition
| degenerative accumulation of lipid, collagen, smooth muscles, and fibers in the inner surface of the artery |
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Term
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Definition
| solid mass of blood formed by endothelial cells, platelets, and coagulation cascade |
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Term
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Definition
| intravascular solid, liquid, or gaseous mass carried in the blood from origin to lodge in another site |
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Term
| High Risk Factors for Atherosclerosis |
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Definition
*hypertension *smoking
*diabetes *high cholesterol
-obesity -lack of exercise
-sex(M/F) -age
-type A personality |
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Term
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Definition
1-Tunica Intima (endothelial cells)
2-Tunica Media (smooth muscle cells)
3-Tunica Adventia (conn. tissue cells) |
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Term
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Definition
*lipoprotein-fat protein-carries fat
*chylomicrons-carry triglycerides to liver
*very low density lipoprotein(VLDL)
*LDL-very bad
*HDL-healthy |
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Term
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Definition
| fat protein that carries fat |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
1-apolipoprotein B100 receptor
2-endocytosis-internalize
3-phagocytosis-macrophages and monocytes(foam cells) |
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Term
| Apolipoprotein B100 Receptor |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
1-fatty streak
2-fibrous plaque
3-complicated rupture of fibrous plaque
*high force, high pressure with injury forms clots, which stops blood, which causes a heart attack |
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Term
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Definition
| early stage of Atherosclerosis |
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Term
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Definition
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Definition
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