Term
| What percent of energy should be from protein intake? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the recommended daily intake of high BV (>75%) protein? |
|
Definition
normal adults: 0.8g/kg body weight
young children: 1.6 to 2.4g/kg body weight
pregnant: add 10g
lactating add 15g |
|
|
Term
| What is the recommended daily intake of energy? |
|
Definition
normal adults: 40 calories/kg body weight
young children: 80 to 120calories/kg body weight
pregnant: add 300 calories
lactating: add 500 calories |
|
|
Term
| What are some of the concerns of a vegetarian diet? |
|
Definition
-essential AA are most abundant in animal tissues, eggs, and milk
-veggies have much lower energy and protein content
-veggie proteins have lower biological value (efficiency of utilization)
-veggie proteins have lower digestability
the people at highest risk for protein insufficiency due to veggie diets are children and pregnant or nursing women |
|
|
Term
| Why is it crucial to limit protein in the diet in patients with renal disease? |
|
Definition
-Renal function impairment causes accumulation of urea and ammonia and other nitrogenous waste molecules
-limiting protein reduces this and is beneficial |
|
|
Term
| What happens in "catabolic" patients suffering from stress, burns, trauma, or surgery? |
|
Definition
-hormones, cytokines, and glucocorticoids cause an increase in lipolysis, proteolysis, and gluconeogenesis to supply fatty acids and glucose for healing
-muscle uses muscle protein and circulating fatty acids for energy, and it also supplies AA to other tissues -->muscles are rapidly depleted
-this is normal, but may cause the patients who are already weak from surgery/trauma to die
|
|
|
Term
| What is protein-energy malnutrition (PEM)? |
|
Definition
-protein and energy nutrition are interrelated: diets deficient in one are typically deficient in the other
-PEM cases are usually classified as marasmus (general lack of nutrition) or kwashiorkor (lack of protein)
-most cases occur in developing countries to children in the poorest families |
|
|
Term
| What happens during protein over-nutrition? |
|
Definition
-causes elevated urinary calcium excretion --> leads to negative calcium balance (calcium loss)
-concern for osteoporosis and oxalate kidney stones |
|
|
Term
| What is the mechanism by which protein over nutrition causes kidney stones? |
|
Definition
1. acid generation
2. ammonia ecretion
3. sulfate and phosphate excretion
4. inability of calcium salts to be taken up by the kidney |
|
|
Term
| What could the unexplained variation (besides activity and diet) of weight loss between individuals be caused by? |
|
Definition
Individual Genetics:
polymorphisms could affect appetite, efficiency of metabolism, alter developmental regulation of cells and tissues, or block physiological mechanism involved in obesity |
|
|
Term
| Describe how a homozygous recessive mutation in the Ob gene and leptin play a role in mice obesity. |
|
Definition
-The normal Ob genes encodes leptin, which supresses the mice over-eating behavior
-the mutated one did not make leptin, and the lack of leptin stimulated the mice's appetites --> obesity
-Leptin is made in adipocytes, so fatter individuals make more leptin
**DOES NOT EXPLAIN RESPONSE IN HUMANS |
|
|
Term
| Describe the advantages of the ala form of PPARy. |
|
Definition
-In 7% of people, there is a PPARy SNPS that causes an amino acid substitution (Pro12Ala)
-People with the ala form have moderate protection against obesity, insulin resistance, and type 2 diabetes (20% lower risk) |
|
|
Term
| Describe the overall genetics of obesity. |
|
Definition
-It's likely that there are many gene polymorphisms affecting the risk for obesity and diabetes, with each polymorphism contributing to only a small change in risk
-unlikely that there are any common gene changes that make a large impact on this risk |
|
|
