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Definition
| Basic Unit of hereditary material |
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| All chromosomal genes in a organism |
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| Physical location of a gene within a genome |
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| allelic composition of an organism |
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| outcome of a given genotype (expression of genotype) |
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| Two complete sets of genes |
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| a partial diploid; has two copies of some genes |
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| the allelic form of a gene that is most prevalent in the wild population |
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| a genetic alteration (usually observed by a change in the phenotype) |
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| an organism that has one or more mutations. may also apply to a mutant gene or a protein encoded by a mutant gene |
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| Reverse Mutation (Reversion) |
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Definition
| A second mutation that restores a mutant cell to the wild type phenotype |
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| Classical Method of Characterizing Genes |
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Definition
| Based on gene expression (phenotype). Utilizes mutations to identify function of unknown genes |
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| Molecular method for characterizing genes |
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Definition
| Gene defined as an "open reading frame" in a DNA sequence. Functions of unknown genes are inferred from sequence similarities to known genes and from biochemical characterizations of gene products. |
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| mutations in the metabolic pathway |
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| Carbon source. Energy Source. Minerals: Mg, Na, K, Cu, NH4, PO4, SO4, Cl |
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Definition
| Carbon Source. Energy Source. Proteolytic digest: amino acids. Yeast extract: vitamins, growth factors, nucleic acids |
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Definition
| require rich media or supplemented minimal media |
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| the metabolite that is furthest downstream will be the one that is required by the greatest number of mutants |
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| Identifying auxotrophic mutants |
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Definition
| plate the cells on rich media. Replicate plate on minimal media (those that don't grow are auxotrophic mutants) then plate with minimal media + individual supplements to identify the mutant gene |
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Definition
| two mutations will complement each other only if they are located on different genes |
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| The trans test tells you if two mutations are located on the same or different genes. Determined by complementation. |
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| tells you the distance between two genes |
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Definition
| 1. CoInfect bacteria with both parental phages h+r and hr+ 2. replication of phage chromosomes within cell 3. recombination between some parental chromosomes 4. phage assembly, bacterial lyses, release of progeny phages 5. determine RF by plating |
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| Recombination frequency RF |
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Definition
| # of recombinants (non-permissive plate)/ total plaques (permissive plate) |
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| mutant alleles that suppresse the wild type phenotype. Usually associated with genes for proteins that are associated with multisubunit complexes. A dominant mutation and a recessive mutation will appear to be in the same gene when they are infact in two different genes |
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Definition
| proteins with domains that function independently. Mutations in different domains of a gene that exhibits alpha complementation may complement eachother and appear to be in different genes when they are actually in the same gene |
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Definition
Polysaccharide capsule = virulence factor
S-strain- lethal to mice (encapsulated)
R-strain - non pathogenic |
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Term
| Griffith Mixed culture experiment |
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Definition
| -Inject mice with R strain strep: mouse lives -inject with S strain strep: mouse dies -inject with heat killed S strain strep: mouse lives -inject with R-strain strep AND heat killed S-strain strep: mouse dies |
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Term
| Nature of the transforming material: Avery, MacLeod, and McCarty |
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Definition
1. Heat kill S-strain bacteria 2. Detergent lyse bacteria and separate cytosol from cellular debris 3. Treat cytosol with enzyme to degrade lipids, proteins, and carbohydrates 4. mix enzyme treated cytosol with R strain and examine colony morphology
When mixture combined with RNase and combine with R strain, S transformants produced. When mixture combined with DNase and combined with R strain, no growth (DNA is genetic material!!!) |
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| The Hershey-Chase Experiement |
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Definition
| -Bacteriophage T2 -Labeled with either 35S (Protein) or 32P (DNA) -Phage combined with E. coli - Separate phage from bacteria in a blender - pellet bacteria - determine where radioactive material is |
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| Right Handed, Morphology:Short and wide, Major groove:Narrow and deep, Minor Groove: Shallow and Wide, Helix Axis Location: Major Groove |
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| Left Handed, Morphology: Long and Thin, Major Groove: Flattened, Minor Groove: Narrow and Deep, Location of Helix axis: Minor Groove |
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| Right Handed, Morphology: longer, thinner, Major Groove: wide, intermediate depth, Minor Groove: Narrow, intermediate depth, location of Helix axis: Through base pairs |
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Definition
| superhelical winding of DNA in a direction opposite to the helical twist. Positive supercoils inhibit strand separation |
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Definition
| Superhelical winding of DNA in the same direction as the helical twist. Negative supercoiling promotes DNA strand separation |
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Definition
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| cuts one strand and passes the other segment of DNA molecule through the cut. Alters the Linking number by 1 |
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Definition
| cuts both strands of the DNA molecule and passes another strand of dsDNA through the cut. Alters the linking number by 2 |
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| Meselson and Stahl Experiement |
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Definition
| To determine model for DNA replication (semi-conservative): Grow E. Coli in N15(heavy) medium. Grow next generation in N14 medium and successive generation in N14 medium. Between each generation separate samples with cesium chloride gradient. Determine weather DNA is Heavy, Hybrid, or Light |
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| dna A & C/DNA initiator comlex |
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Definition
| denatures strands, opens replication bubble |
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Definition
| extends replication forks |
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Definition
| relieves supercoiling ahead of replication fork. Gyrase is a type II topoisomerase |
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| ssb/ Single stranded binding protein |
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Definition
| stabalizes ssDNA, prevents intrastrand pairing of ssDNA |
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Definition
| synthesizes leading strand, elongates lagging strand |
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| replaces RNA primer with DNA |
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| joins Okazaki fragments and the ends of leading strand fragments |
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