True / False

Hormones can affect multiple different types of tissues

--and--

Tissues can have multiple horomone receptors

1. Maintenance of homeostasis
2. Helping the body Cope with "stressful" events
3. Regulation of cellular metabolism and energy balance
4. Regulation of growth, development and reproduction

1. Steroid Hormones
2. Protein / Peptide Hormones
3. Biogenic Amines

Steroids, for example "testosterone". An exception to this rule is "cortisol" which is also a steroid. Steroids are built from cholesterol.

Steroids need a shuttle (protein) to move around

Protein hormones are made of amino acids. Most peptide hormones range from 3-30 amino acids. TRH is the smallest at only 3 hormones.

Most protein hormones range from 30-225 amino acids in length. LH being one of the longest at 204 amino acids.

Biogenic amines are hormones that are derived from the amino acid 'Tyrosine'.

Thyroid hormones are examples of biogenic amines that are chemically similar to steroid hormones (need a shuttle)

Epinephrine is an example of a biogenic amine that is chemically similar to protein hormones (can dissolve with no problem)

Examples: Epinephrine, T3, T4, PIH

Oxytocin

ADH (Vasopressin)

ADH regulates water reabsorption by the kidneys.

ADH also causes vasoconstriction.

Hypothalmic Hormones associated with the Anterior Pituitary

Explain the PRF hormone cycle

Hypothalmic Hormones associated with the Anterior Pituitary

Explain the GNRH hormone cycle

Hypothalmic Hormones associated with the Anterior Pituitary

Explain the TRH hormone cycle

Hypothalmic Hormones associated with the Anterior Pituitary

Explain the CRH hormone cycle

CRH produces ACTH (Adrenocorticotropin hormone)

ACTH goes to the adrenal glands and produces

1. Cortisol
2. Aldosterone (from the cortex)
3. Epinephrine (from the medulla)

Cortisol

• Increases Glucose
• Anti-Inflamatory

Aldosterone

• Retain NA+ and H20
• Increases blood volume
• Increases blood pressure

Hypothalmic Hormones associated with the Anterior Pituitary

Explain the GHRH / GHIH hormone cycle

Hypothalmic Hormones associated with the Anterior Pituitary

Explain the PTH hormone cycle

The parathyroid hormone is an antagonist to calcitonin and is the primary hormone to maintain calcium homeostasis.

PTH acts on bone and the kidneys.

PTH causes bone to be dissolved

Causes increased intestinal absorption of calcium

Hypothalmic Hormones associated with the Anterior Pituitary

Explain the PIH hormone cycle

Growth hormone promotes protein deposition in tissues.

GH stimulates the release of fatty acids from adipose tissue and increases their concentration in the circulation . These fatty acids are then used by ccells for energy preferentially over carbohydrates and protein.

Growth hormones stimulate cartilage and bone growth.

Pre-puberty diseases: Gigantism and Dwarfism

Post-puberty diseases: Acromegaly

Thyroid hormones are needed for normal sympathetic function

Basal Metabolic Rate (BMR)

Atainment of normal adult stature

Adrenal cortex (Outside) - All hormones from the cortex are steroids

Adrenal Medulla (Inside)

• Help body cope with adversity
• Cortisol protects against hypoglycemia
• Inhibit the inflammatory response to tissue injury

ACE stands for angiotensin converting enzyme.

An ACE inhibitor prevents the conversion of Angiotensin1 to Angiotensin2

1. Drop in blood pressure occurs
2. The kidneys excrete Renin and the liver excretes Angiotensinogen
3. The Renin takes 10 amino acids from the Angiontensinoged creating Angiotensin 1
4. The lungs excrete an ACE
5. Angiotensin 1 is converted to Angiotensin2

• The adrenal glands produce aldosterone
• The cardiovascular system causes vasoconstriction.
• The hypothalmus creates a sense of thirst

This all helps raise the blood pressure

Breaking down of proteins in the skin.

Breaking down of fat in the extremities and movement of fat in to other areas.

• Previously known as insulin dependent diabetes
• Two forms - Immune mediated / idiopathic
• Immune Mediated - results from a cellular - mediated autoimmune destruction of the beta cells of the pancreas. 

• Non-insulin dependant / Adult onset
• Insulin resistant
• Patients do not need insulin
• Most patients with this form are obese.
• Strong genetic disposition.

• Type 1 - Lack ability to produce insulin
• Type 2 - Sensitivity of tissue to insulin

1. SUpporting or fibrous layer
2. Vascular layer
3. Retinal or Neural layer

• Outermost part of the eye
• Light enters through the cornea
• Sclera is a dense tissue that provides shape to the eyeball

• Choroid contains abundant blood vessels
• Cillary body
• Iris - colored portion of eyeball
• Pupil - hole in center of iris

• Innermost layer of the eye
• Includes the Retina and Optic Disk'
• Contains the Fovial Centralis (area with the greatest visual acuity)

• Rods - see night vision
• Cones - see color

• Myopia - near sightedness
• Hyperopia - far sightedness

sense of smell

Olfactory cells detect odor as it passes through the Ethnoid bone.

1. Malleus
2. Incus
3. Stapes

1. Brain
2. Spinal Chord

• Cranial nerves (12 pairs)
• Spinal nerves (31 pairs)

1. Medulla Oblongata
2. Pons
3. Midbrain

1. Brainstem
2. Diencephalon
3. Cerebellum
4. Cerebrum

1. Hypothalmus
2. Thalmus

1. Serves as a conduit for ascending and descending tracts.
2. Contains important clusters of neurons that control heart rate, blood pressure, respiratory rate and other life sustaining variables.

1. "Relay Station" for sensations
2. Associates sensations with emotions
3. Maintenance of an aroused or alert state.

1. Together with the brainstem is regulates the life-sustaining variables
2. Temperature regulation
3. Hormone production (oxytocin and ADH)
4. Emotions
5. Control of appetite
6. Regulation of sleep cycles

1. Produce smoothe coordinated movements (Such as hand-eye coordination - does not initiate movement)
2. Maintenance of equilibrium (sense of balance)
3. Maintenance of posture

1. Fontal lobes
2. Parietal lobes
3. Temporal lobes
4. Occipital lobes

1. Primary motor area - Decision maker for voluntary movements
2. Broca's Area - Controls fromations of words.(Left side only)
3. Prefrontal Association Area (Prefrontal Cortex) - Influences personality, ititiative, thought, and judgement

1. Primary Auditory Area and Auditory Association -  allows you to hear and to perceive what it is you are hearing
2. Wernickes Area (left side only) - permits the understanding of written and spoken language

Visual Cortex and Visual Association Area - Allows you to see and to perceive what it is you are seeing

There are 31 spinal nerves

• Cervical - 8
• Thoracic - 12
• Lumbar - 5
• Sacrum - 5
• Coccygeal - 1

• The grey matter is where the spinal chord makes decisions,
• The white matter is where ascending and descending information travels through the spinal chord.

1. Olfactory  -  Smell
2. Optic  -  Vision
3. Oculomotor  -  Eye Movements
4. Trochlear  -  Eye Movements
5. Trigeminal - Face, Scalp & Teeth, Sensations
6. Abducens  -  Eye Movements
7. Facial  -  Taste
8. Vestibulocochlear  -  Hearing & Balance
9. Glossopharyngeal  -  Taste, Throat Sensations, Saliva Secretion, Swallowing
10. Vagus  -  Swallowing, Speech, Internal Sensation
11. Acessory  -  Shoulder Movements, Heat Rotation
12. Hypoglossal  -  Tounge Movement

• Cervical - 7
• Thoracic - 12
• Lumbar - 5
• Sacrum - 1
• Coccyx - 1

• There are 7 sets of true ribs and 5 sets of false ribs