Term
| 3 Different Way Neuroscientist Deconstruct the Brain |
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Definition
1) Systems 2) Cells 3) Molecules |
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Term
| Describe Camillo Golgi's Most Important Contribution to Neuroscience. |
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Definition
| The Golgi Stain. The Black Reaction. Invented in 1873. Silver Nitrate and Potassium Chromate. Stains a fraction of Nerve Cells. |
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Term
| What is the full name, Nationality and Dates of the greatest neuroanatamist? |
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Definition
| Santiago Ramon y Cajal. 1852-1934. Spanish. |
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Term
| Define the Neuron Doctrine. |
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Definition
| The Idea that Neurons are the basic unit of the Nervous System and that they communicate with contact not continuity. |
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Term
Define the Laws of Dynamic Polarization |
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Definition
| Cajal's Idea that Neurons are polarized. They recieve information in the Soma and dendrites and give off information from the axons |
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Term
| List three fundamental aspects of neurobiology that provides insight into behavior. |
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Definition
1) The ways neurons produce and convey signals shows how we might sense and respond to stimuli. 2) Patterns of connections in neurons explain particular functions of nervous system 3) The way in which neuron signaling and connectivity are altered by experience provides insight into the adaptability of the nervous system. |
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Term
| What is the Reticular Theory and who Promoted it? |
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Definition
| It was stressed by Golgi and held the idea that the nervouse system was a mesh of many cells connected in a similar fashion instead of various specialized types of neurons. Also, somata provided nutrients for the system. |
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Term
| List four features that Neurons have in Common |
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Definition
1) Compartamentalizaion of structure and Function 2) Electrical excitability 3)Synaptic Connection 4)Non Replication (Post Mitotic) |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
4 Main Compartments Found in Most Neurons |
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Definition
| Soma, Axons, Dendrites, Synapses |
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Term
| Central Dogma of Molecular Biology |
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Definition
| DNA - transcription - RNA - translation - Protien |
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Term
| What is the Nissl Substance? Where is it found and why is there so much of it? |
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Definition
| Nissl bodies contains Granual Rough ER and the ribosomes occuring in the soma. There is so much of it because the neuron must produce proteins for use in the axon of the neuron (they can be a meter long). The axon contains no rough ER and there are few, if any, free ribosomes. All the proteins for the axon therefore must come from the soma. |
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Term
| What are microtubules and why are they so important? |
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Definition
Microtubules are one of the three components of the cytoskeleton; they are tube-like and composed of polymerized tubulin protein. Microtubules are important in that they provide cell structure and also constantly undergo assembly and disassembly, as regulated by microtubule-associated proteins (MAPs). (Microtubules also serve as the “streets” that kinesin “walks” down while carrying protein vesicles.) |
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Term
| Define Wallerian Degeneration |
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Definition
Wallerian degeneration refers to the fact that axons cannot be sustained when separated from their parent cell body because axons have no ribosomes and therefore receive all proteins from the cell body. The degeneration that results when axon and cell body are cut can be detected via staining; therefore, Wallerian degeneration is used to trace axonal connections. |
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Term
| How fast is axonal transport? |
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Definition
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Term
| Name 2 transport Motors and their roles |
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Definition
Transport can either be anterograde (from soma to terminal) or retrograde (from terminal to soma). Anterograde transport is carried out by the protein kinesin, which “walks” down axonal microtubules while carrying protein-containing vesicles. On the other hand, retrograde transport is carried out by the protein dynein. Both require ATP. |
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Term
| How do neuroscientist take advanatage of anterograde transport? |
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Definition
| They can identify final destination of a signal. Dark pigments such as horseradish peroxidase are injected into the site of axon terminals, taken up by axon-sending neurons and then will end up creating brown cell bodies (somas) when localized there. |
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Term
| List 6 ways Neurons are categorized |
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Definition
The six ways to categorize neurons are by the number of neurites (unipolar, bipolar, multipolar), the dendrite (shape: stellate cell vs. pyramidla cell), the connection or function (sensory or motor, interneurons, etc), axon length, the neurotransmitters released and whether or not it is a named cell (such as the Purkinje cell). |
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Term
| How many Neurons are in the Brain? |
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Definition
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Term
| List the main intracellular components of axons and dendrites |
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Definition
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Term
| List the five differences between dendritic processes and axonal processes. |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| The Supporting CElls or SpaceFillings- |
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Term
| List the 3 main classes of Glial cells in CNS |
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Definition
1) Astrocytes - Most numerous cell type in brain, spacefilling- Regulates extracellular space by sopping up K, neurotransmitters- Blood Brain Barrier 2) Myelinating Glia oloigodendrocytes 3) Microglia Removes Debris |
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Term
| What is a Schwann Cell and and which cell in the CNS is most similar to it? |
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Definition
provide myelin insulation to axons in the peripheral nervous system of jawed vertebrates. The vertebrate nervous system relies on this myelin sheath for insulation
Oligodendrocytes |
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Term
| List 3 different ways Glia are different than Neurons. |
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Definition
1) Proliferative: Glial Scars 2) Inexitable 3) Of only a few types |
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