messenger RNA

directs incorporation of amino acids into proteins

transfer RNA

brings amino acids to the ribosomal site where they are incorporated into proteins

ribosomal RNA

froms ribosomes

operator and promoter sites and the structure genes they control; 

put several genes under the same command;

not in human cells

early metabolite in the pathway;

causes activation of transcription of the genes encoding the enzymes;

STARTS TRANSCRIPTION

excess quantities of the end product of the pathway;

leads to cessation of transcription;

ENDS TRANSCRIPTION

enzyme that fuses together fragments (Okazaki fragments);

join together 2 large molecules by forming a new chemical bond

allows for relaxing/opening up of DNA at the replication fork, exposing the single strand;

enxyme that hydrolize ATP as they move ahead of the relication fork;

ATP dependent

convert RNA into DNA;

only in viruses

Origin of replication;

where replication always begins in DNA;

here, DNA bulges and creates 2 replication forks

type of DNA replication; 

creates 2 replication forks moving in opposite directions

type of mutagen (cause mutation);

2 types: ionizing and non-ionizing;

increases frequency of mutations

procedure using bacteria to identidy potential carcinogens;

looks for damage to bacterial DNA by looking for metabolic activity being affected by mutation/damage to DNA

intentional modification of the genomes or organisms by natural and artificial processes for practical purposes;

reverse transcriptase

restriction enzymes

vectors

gene libraries

polymerase chain reaction;

technique using DNA polymerase to make multiple copies(large numbers) of a DNA template in vetro

separation of substances (DNA) by their rate of movement through an electrical field;

allows scientists to isolate DNA of interest

collection of organisms that each contain a piece of the DNA from the host you are working with;

may contain all genes of a single chromosome

nucleic acid molecules that carry DNA into a new host;

best vectors are small

one of 5 kingdoms;

most organisms with a prokaryotic cell organization

one of 3 microorganism domains;

prokaryotic bacteria;

single cell

single strand DNA or RNA;

submicroscopic, parasitic, filterable agent consisting of a nucleic acid surrounded by a protein coat;

use humans as a host

proteins that protrude/project from the lipid layer of viruses;

used for recognition and attachment to the host cell

outermost layer of viruses;

composed of lipids and viral proteins (spikes)

used to quantify viruses/determine virus concentration;

(plaque = area on plate containing dead viruses)

the number of plaques relates to the number of infectious particles applied to the plate;

how viruses are counted

piece of protein;

PrP;

infectious agent consisting of a self replicating protein with no detectable nucleic acids

when growing viruses, done by taking tissue from liver or animal cell and spread on bottom of a flask;

tissue attaches to the bottom of the flask with addition of an adhesive substance (the monolayer)

the growth of tissues;

cells separate from the organism

proteins released & produced by the immune system that attack viruses directly;

can kill viruses

separation of viral nucleic acid from its protein coat;

capsid coat of virus peels off

disease that is transimitted from animals to human;

not usually transferred from human to human

the shape of a virus;

regular polyhefron with 20 identical equilateral triangular faces

disease caught and transmitted in a hospital;

more prevalent in people that are older people, with weak immune systems, or require hospitalization

part of the structure of gram negative bacteria (outer portion);

released when bacteria is killed;

very dangerous/toxic;

lipopolysaccharides (LPS)

toxic chemicals produced & secreted by (gram positive) bacteria;

made from proteins;

type of exotoxin that affects the digestive tract

(Ex: cholera - a water borne disease)

Robert Kock developed 4 postulates that must be used to prove a certain pathogen causes a certain disease.

1. Observation

2. Isolation

3. Re-infection

4. Re-observation

abnormal condition or function;

results only if invading pathogen alters the normal functions of the body;

referred to as morbidity

places microorganisms are found on a normal basis;

source of infection

showing characteristics of life;

living

Not showing characteristics of life;

nonliving

humans or other animals in which the infectious agent is growing and reproducing with little or no visible harm to the current hose;

harbors pathogens and transmits them to others

people or animals that usually have had the disease and the infectious agent is still present within them;

acts as a host without displaying any signs of the disease

person to person or reservoir to person;

Ex: handshaking, kissing, sex;

Ex: common cold, tuberculosis, measles, chicken pox

through a fomite (any inanimate object that can carry infectious organisms - germs/parasites)

Ex: towels, door knobs, pencils;

Ex: anthrax, respiratory virus, water borne and food borne disease

not airborne;

exposure to liquid droplets from sneeze/cough of infecter person can spread cold or flu virus;

can travel meter or less;

form of indirect contact

something that carries the organism into your body;

Ex: food and water

insects that directly deposit organism under your skin;

Ex: flies, mosquitos, ticks, fleas;

Ex: bubonic plague, lyme disease, dengue fever, malaria

disease that is always present in the environment;

low frequency;

Ex: common cold

spread of a disease throughout the world;

Ex: H1N1 flu virus

disease;

condition of being diseased

mimic a multiple attack of several different organisms simultaneously;

overactivation of the host immune system;

can cause stress on the organism

organisms living close together and interacting with each other;

interaction where one organism feeds off the other and the otehr is harmed but not necessarily killed;

symbiotic relationship

interaction of 2 organisms in which 2 organisms support and benefit each other;

symbiotic relationship

interaction in which the parasite harms and kills the host;

symbiotic relationship

interaction where one organism benefits and the other neither benefits or is harmed;

symbiotic relationship

protein that kills the cell wall of bacteria;

present in bodily secretions (saliva)

lethal dose;

number of microorganisms it takes to kill 50% pf the infected population

infectious dose;

number of microorganisms it takes to make 50% of the population sick

- skin

- mucous membranes (respiratory/GI tract)

- placenta (genital tract)

- parental route

*same as exit

one of the routes of entry;

when the microorganism bypasses the normal protection/skin;

(ex: injection or cut)

microorganism that colonize a host without causing disease;

normal flora

microorganisms that are non-disease causing because of an inability to make attachment proteins or adhesions;

degree of pathogenicity of a microorganism

relative ability of bacteria to cause disease; 

how effective the bacteria are in making people sick

gel layer that covers and protects the bacteria against phagocytosis;

allows better attachment of bacteria to stick together in a biofilm

protein that projects from prokaryotic walls; 

used for adherance (attachment of microbe/phagocyte to another's plasma membrane or other surface);

also called a Ligand

present in body, but not within cells;

Advantage: can easily spread through the body;

Disadvantage: constantly being hunted and tracked by immune system 

located within the cells;

Advantage: protected against immune system;

Disadvantage: confined within the cell