Term
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Definition
| The study of organisms too small to be seen by the unaided eye. |
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Term
| How small can the eye see until? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the three domains? |
|
Definition
| bacteria, archaea, eukarya |
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Term
| Why Study micro? Indigenous microbiota? |
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Definition
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|
Term
| Why Study micro? Microbial ecology |
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Definition
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Term
| Why Study micro? Decomposers - what they do and one example |
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Definition
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Term
| Why Study micro? Bioremediation |
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Definition
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Term
| What are the "microbes for society?" |
|
Definition
| bioremediation and biotechnology |
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Term
| Why Study micro? Entire list (8) |
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Definition
| indigenous microbiota, microbial ecology, decomposers, model organisms, bioremediation, biotechnology, antibiotics, infectious disease |
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Term
| What is the scope of microbiology? 5 things |
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Definition
| Bacteriology, mycology, phycology, protozoology, and virology |
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Term
| What is bacteriology study? |
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Definition
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Term
|
Definition
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Term
|
Definition
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Term
|
Definition
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Term
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Definition
| The study of viruses, viroids and prions |
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Term
| What does general microbiology encompass (four things) |
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Definition
| biochemistry, physiology, ecology, and taxonomy |
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Term
| What is applied microbiology? 5 things |
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Definition
| industrial, food, agricultural, environmental, biotechnology |
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Term
| What is medical microbiology? 6 things |
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Definition
| pathogenic, diagnostic, veterinary, epidemiology, immunology, medical virology |
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Term
| What are nosocomial infections? |
|
Definition
| developing an infection - resistant so 100k people die. |
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Term
| How are nosocomial infections started? |
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Definition
| people don't wash their hands |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| Who discovered bacteria, yeast, algae and protozoa? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| bacteria, yeast, algae, protozoa |
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Term
| What were some major areas that people questioned in the 1700s to mid 1800s? |
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Definition
| pleomorphism vs monomorphism, transformation of organic matter, spontaneous generation |
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Term
| who was the father of bacteriology? |
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Definition
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Term
| Who proved monomorphism of microbes? |
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Definition
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Term
| How was monomorphism of microbes discovered? |
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Definition
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Term
| Who discovered the anthrax and rabies vaccine? |
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Definition
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Term
| Who discovered anaerobic life? |
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Definition
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Term
| Who disproved spontaneous generation? |
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Definition
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Term
| Who discovered that transformations of organic matter was due to microbes (decomposing i think) |
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Definition
|
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Term
|
Definition
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|
Term
| Who discovered the bacterial causation of anthrax? |
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Definition
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Term
| Who came up with the idea that each bacteria has one disease |
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Definition
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|
Term
| Who had the principles of infection? |
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Definition
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Term
| Review experiment with rats |
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Definition
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|
Term
| What did German schools focus on |
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Definition
| isolation, cultivation, and characterization of infectious agents |
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Term
| What did French school focus on? |
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Definition
| how infectious diseases takes place and how recovery and immunity occur |
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Term
| What are the main causes of death of the US now |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| What are bacteria expressed in? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| What are viruses expressed in? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| what two measurements do we need to know? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| How are ocular movements are calibrated? |
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Definition
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|
Term
| how is calibration performed? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| What colors of light are used in microscopes |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| What do you need to be able to distinguish two adjacent points? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| what is empty magnification? |
|
Definition
| increased magnification without increased resolving power |
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|
Term
| What is light microscopy limit? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What resolving power was van Leeuwenhoek's microscope? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Simple microscopes - 2 points form slides |
|
Definition
one magnifying lens
3-20x magnification |
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|
Term
| How many lenses do compound microscopes have? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| what is a modern compound's light 'scopes'? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the objective lenses for compound microscopes? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the equation for total magnification? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What does a darkfield microscope do? |
|
Definition
| illuminates objects against a dark background |
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|
Term
| What kind of resolving power does a darkfield microscope have? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How do you see the bacteria in a darkfield microscope? |
|
Definition
| you see it reflecrted off of the bacteria |
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|
Term
| What is the concept behind a phase contrast microscope |
|
Definition
| cells differ in refractive index from that of the medium |
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|
Term
| TF Phase contrast microscopes are stained |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| What do PED nurses use to help diagnose whooping cough? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| Fluorescence Microscopes: What stimulates dyes, pigments to fluoresce |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| How many colors does a fluoresence microscope have? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| Where are fluorescence microscopes used? |
|
Definition
| clinical microbio, microbial ecology |
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|
Term
| What type of microscope can't use lenses? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the illumination sources in electron microscopes |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what focus the beam on electron microscopes? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What microscope has a much higher magnification resolution? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Are organisms alive in Electron microscopes? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the three main points of Transmission electron microscopy? |
|
Definition
| it studies the internal structure of cells, requires thin sections, high mag/resolution |
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Term
| Two main points of scanning electron microscopy |
|
Definition
| external features and intact cells |
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|
Term
| What kind of microscope discovered smallpox? |
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Definition
|
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Term
|
Definition
| chemistry dealing with the chemical compounds and processes occurring in living things |
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|
Term
| Who said that biochem was the molecular logic of living organisms? |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| What are the guts of microorganisms? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| everything in a cell: defined by it, interact with each other through it |
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|
Term
| What are the strongest bonds? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How many elements are required by living organisms? |
|
Definition
| 22, 16 are found in all organism |
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|
Term
| What are the most abundant compounds in living matter? |
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Definition
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|
Term
| What elements have the strongest covalent bonds? |
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Definition
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|
Term
| What configuration is carbon? |
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Definition
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|
Term
| What element can form the most stable molecules of different shapes and sizes? |
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Definition
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|
Term
| What has high specific heat and high surface tension? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are polysaccharides (very basic) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is teh CHO ratio of carbs? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the monomeric units of polysaccharides? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the bonds for polysaccharides? |
|
Definition
| glycosidic bonds ( covalent bonds ) |
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|
Term
| What are the different kinds of saccharides? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| chemically the same but put together differently |
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|
Term
| What do polysaccharides function as? 2 things |
|
Definition
| carbon and energy reserves cell wall components |
|
|
Term
| What is in cell walls of bacteria? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What determines the type of polysaccharide it is? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is the most common biopolymer? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| glycerol bonded to fatty acids and other groups (such as phosphate by an ester or ether linkage |
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|
Term
| What types of bonds are found in archaea? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| chains of carbons atoms with a single carboxylic acid group |
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|
Term
| Simple lipid (aka and definition) |
|
Definition
| triglyceride : 3 fatty acids bound to a glycerol molecule |
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|
Term
| TF lipids are macromolecules |
|
Definition
| False: monomers are not linked by covalent bonds |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| simple lipids containing additional elements or small carbon compounds |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| lipids containing a phosphate group |
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|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| TF the phospholipid bilayer is a solid structure |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the monomers of nucleic acids? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what type of bond is the nucleic acids |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are 2 examples of nucleic acids? |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| What are the three types of RNA |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the two bases of nucleic acids? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the three different structures of DNA? |
|
Definition
| complementary, primary and secondary |
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|
Term
| What is the monomeric unit of proteins? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What type of bonds join proteins |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| oligopeptides are ____ amino acids |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| TF proteins are catalytic |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the structural proteins making up? 3 |
|
Definition
| membranes, cell walls, cytoplasmic components |
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|
Term
| Chemical properties of proteins come from what? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Protein structure: Primary |
|
Definition
| amino acid sequence of a polypeptide chain |
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|
Term
| Protein structure: Secondary |
|
Definition
| twisting or folding of polypeptide in two dimensions |
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|
Term
| Protein structure: Tertiary structure |
|
Definition
| 3 dimensional folding of a polypeptide |
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|
Term
| Protein structure: Quaternary |
|
Definition
| the arrangement of polypeptide subunits to form the final protein |
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|
Term
| What do you need to have quaternary structure in proteins? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What stabilize chains in proteins? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How do proteins maintain interactions? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What helps to stabilize tertiary structures more than H |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How do sulfur groups help to stabilize? |
|
Definition
| they oppose each other on opposite ends and stabilize |
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|
Term
| How does urea affect proteins? |
|
Definition
| it allows H bonds to reform |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| taking away what allows the cell to break what makes the bond |
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|
Term
| Who coined the word 'cells' |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What two people discovered that plant and animal tissues were composed of cells? |
|
Definition
| matthias schleiden and theodor schwann |
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|
Term
| Who came up with the theory of biogenesis |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the theory of biogenesis? |
|
Definition
| all living cells come from living cells |
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|
Term
| What are the 6 characteristics of living cells? |
|
Definition
| metabolism, reproduction, differentiation, communication, movement, evolution |
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|
Term
| What has membrane organelles? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What has no internal divisions |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| TF it is more difficult to work in one big space |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the acellular microorganisms |
|
Definition
| viroids, prions and viruses |
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|
Term
| What are the two types of cellular microorganisms |
|
Definition
| prokaryotes and eukaryotes |
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|
Term
| What are the types of prokaryotes? |
|
Definition
| archaea, bacteria, and cyanobacteria |
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|
Term
| What are the types of eukaryotes? |
|
Definition
| algae, protozoa and fungi |
|
|
Term
| Order prokaryote, eukaryotic cell and virus in order from smallest to largest |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| (systematics) the art of biological classification |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| how they are phylogenetically related |
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|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| identify microbe that is causing the problems |
|
|
Term
| TF all classification work to show phylogenetic relation |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Classification types: Artificial vs. Natural |
|
Definition
| phylogenetic classifications |
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|
Term
| Classification types: phenotypic |
|
Definition
| based on observational characteristics |
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|
Term
| Classification types: Genotypic |
|
Definition
| based on nucleic acid sequence data |
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|
Term
| Classification types: Polyphasic |
|
Definition
| uses both phenotypic and genotypic data |
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|
Term
| What are the classifications of living organisms |
|
Definition
| Domain, kingdom, phylum, class, order, family, genus, species |
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|
Term
| Who came up with the binomial system? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| species name = genus name + specific epithet |
|
|
Term
| What are the two kingdoms *(in the two kingdom system)? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What was the first natural classification? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the 5 kingdoms in the 5 kingdom system? |
|
Definition
| plants, fungi, animals, protists (euk) and monera (prok) |
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|
Term
| Who came up with the 5 domain system? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Who came up with the 3 domain system? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| 3 domain system: 3 ribosomal molecules |
|
Definition
| 5S, 16S, 23S (small subunit sequencing |
|
|
Term
| 3 domain system: two domains of proks - |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| 3 domain system: dom. what? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the major structures of the prok cell? |
|
Definition
| cytoplasmic membrane, cell wall, cytoplasm, inclusions, nucleoid, glycocalyx, flagella, pili and fimbrae, endospores |
|
|
Term
| How think is the cytoplasmic membrane |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What completely surrounds the cell? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What establishes the integrity of the cell? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is referred to the fluid mosaic? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Where do you find the phospholipid bilayer? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Why do you want to increase surface area in the cytoplasmic membrane? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the 3 main functions of the cytoplasmic membrane? |
|
Definition
| permeability barrier, protein anchor, energy conservation |
|
|
Term
| What provides rigidity in proks? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What keeps bacterial cells from lysing? Why would they lyse? |
|
Definition
| cell wall - turgor pressure would cause them to lyse |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| multilayered, complex (lipid) pink |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| single layer, thicker (peptidoglycan) - purple |
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|
Term
| What gives the cell wall of gram positive a negative charge? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What starts reaction to increase the cell wall? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| TF the cell was can lyse itself |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Cell wall of proks - what is it's second layer? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What two things does a gram negative outer membrane contain? |
|
Definition
| polysaccharides, proteins and lipids |
|
|
Term
| What forms in the cell wall of proks to form lipopolysaccharides? |
|
Definition
| lipids and polysaccharides |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Gram (-) bacteria that got through the saline into a patient (dialysis) that will kill them. We have some naturally occurring in our system. |
|
|
Term
| How is DNA arranged in a prok? |
|
Definition
| a single circular molecule, has a nucleoid and plasmids |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a small, circular extrachromosomal DNA |
|
|
Term
| DNA in proks: What is the chromosome copy number? |
|
Definition
| the cell does not rely on genes "it is nice to have genes" |
|
|
Term
| How does the E. Coli nucleoid control DNA in a prok? |
|
Definition
| by curling up in the cell |
|
|
Term
| Define bacterial flagella |
|
Definition
| long, thin appendages free at one end and attached to the cell at the other end |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the flagellar arrangement |
|
Definition
| polar, lophotrichous, perithrichous |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| protein subunit of flagella |
|
|
Term
| What is the purpose to the P Ring? |
|
Definition
| it anchors the flagella in the cell. There are 2 in the middle and 1 in the outer membrane |
|
|
Term
| What is structurally similar to flagella but not involved in movement? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| TF Fimbriae is shorter than flagella |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| TF Fimbriae is acquired throughout life |
|
Definition
| F: it is an inherited trait |
|
|
Term
| What enables cells to adhere to surfaces |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What forms pellicles or biofilms? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| TF pili are longer than fimbriae |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What structure do you only have one or two per cell? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What serve as receptors for certain viruses? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is involved in conjugation |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is involved in attaachment of certain pathogenic bacteria to tissues? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the polysaccaride material lying outside the cell |
|
|
Term
| What are the two parts of the glycocalyx? |
|
Definition
| the capsule and slime layer |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a rigid, tight matric that can exclude particles |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| easily deformed, does not exclude particles, hard to see |
|
|
Term
| What are the fxns of glycocalyx |
|
Definition
| attachment of pathogens, protection from phagocytosis, resistance to desiccation |
|
|
Term
| Bacterial cell inclusions: what are they? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the function of granules within cells? 2 |
|
Definition
| storage of energy compounds and source of structural building blocks |
|
|
Term
| What are carbon/energy storage compounds |
|
Definition
| glycogen, poly-beta-hydroxybutyric acid (PHB) "Dont worry" i have written |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| differentiated cells formed within the vegetative cell (sporangium) |
|
|
Term
| What are highly resistant to heat, drying, radiation, acids, chemical disinfectants? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are two examples of endospores? |
|
Definition
| Bacilllus (needs O2) and clostridium (anaerobic) |
|
|
Term
| What can remain dormant for a long time? |
|
Definition
|
|
