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Definition
| proteins regulate flow in/out of cell |
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| complex network of filaments & tubules called cytoskeleton / fluid part = cytosol |
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| ribosomes attached, protein synthesis |
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| transporter btwn diff organelles |
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| membrane ound vescicles; contain digestive enzymes for fatty acids |
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| motor molecule; tells what action to do for the filament |
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| Apical or Mocosal surface |
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Definition
| faces the environment or the lumen of a particular organ |
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Definition
| located close to blood vessels; lateral side face neghbroing epithelial cells |
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| areas with tight adheision between cells; give tissue structure; stops leaks |
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| increase surface area on Apical surface; helps with transport or molecules across epithelial layer |
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| sensory/motor; has all the neuronetwork in the body besides spine cord/brain; motor effectors (skeletal muscles/smooth) |
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| brain/spinal cord; process sensory info and produce motor commands |
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| when a membrane is at rest it depends on the amount of ions and the amount of protein reeptors....Na outside/K- inside |
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| "all or none" when sodium levels reach a certain threshold the transmittion is sent |
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| two daughters cell seperate; "furrow" (narrowing) shows until the cell is split in two |
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| DNA Replication: Interphase |
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Definition
| DNA replicates; DNA directs RNA/protein synthesis; centrosomes duplicate |
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| DNA Replication: Prophase |
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Definition
| nuclear envelope breaks down; dna copies from chromosomes; centrosomes seperate; they organize microtubules; mitotic apparatus |
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| DNA Replication: Metaphase |
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Definition
| Nuclear envelope dissapears; chromosomes line up @ equator |
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| DNA Replication: Anaphase |
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Definition
| Microtubules attach to proteins; sister chromatids pulled by microtubules |
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| DNA Replication: Telephase |
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Definition
| Nuclear envelope around chromosomes (2 nuclei & 2 nucleoli; chromosomes unveil --->chromatin; spindle fiber dissapears |
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Definition
| DNA blueprint copied to RNA; copies the codon (complimentary pairs of DNA) |
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| mRNA and tRNA mix thogether through complementary base triples being linked through peptide bonds |
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| Inhibitory postsynaptic potential; stops motor neuron |
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Definition
| Excitatory postsynaptic potential; initiats motor neuron |
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Definition
| algebraic accumulation of synaptic potential at receptive surface |
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Definition
| presynaptic input is summed up and analyzed acroos different synaptic sites, impinging on the same postsynaptic neuron |
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| accumulates individual synaptic potential in time; increase in frequency of discharge (impulse/unit time) enhances effectiveness of synapses |
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Definition
| thin filaments dissapear (I-band) of muscle |
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| thick filaments dessappear (a-band) |
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| covers actin filaments during muscle relaxation; no cross bridging |
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Definition
| serves as a "handle" for tropomyosin, when Ca++ is inbound,it moves tropomyosin out of the way and allows contraction to happen |
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| Sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR) |
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Definition
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Definition
| ATP used up; myosin heads remain locked to actin filaments; muscles become rigid and resist contracting or stretching |
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Definition
| displacement, stretch and sound |
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Definition
| Meissner's carpuscle, Merkel's disk, hair root plexi |
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Definition
| Krause's endbulb, Ruffini's ending, PACINIAN CORPUSCLE** |
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| Receptors in muscle: Tendon Length/tension |
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Definition
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Term
Receptors in muscles/tendons:
displacement/positon |
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Definition
| joint receptors or kinesthetic receptors |
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Definition
| cohlea/vestibular apparatus |
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| (1) baroreceptors & (2) stretch receptors |
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Definition
| (1) in walls of certain arteries; measure distention from blood pressure; (2) in stomach and intestinal distention |
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Term
| Chemoreceptors (name the different functions and organs) |
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Definition
1. olfactory receptor cells
2. taste receptor cells
3. sensor cells in the carotid and aortic bodies detect oxygen
4. brain medulla detect CO2
5. Osmoreceptors: regulate osmolarity by detecting sodium levels
6. Glucoreceptors: regulate blood glucose levels |
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| Phot Receptors (organs/functions) |
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Definition
1.rods: more abundant/sensitive; peripheral and night vision
2.Cones: detect R, G, B |
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Definition
1. Free nerve ending in skin/nociceptors respond to stimuli from pain
2. certain neurons in hypothalmus regulate blood temp |
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Term
| Pacinian Corpuscle (functions/location) |
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Definition
found in deep tissue/visceral tissue; vibrations and pressure (crude touch)
consists of the nerve ending of a mylenated snesory fiber wrapped in a fibrous connective tissue capsule |
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Term
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Definition
decrease or stop firing even if stimulus continues
Adapting:
fine touch/pressure (fast)
joint/muscle mechanoreceptors (slow)
Nonadapting:
pain |
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Term
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Definition
| when peripheral brances of two adjacent units are far apart, the stimuli on one will not active the other (i.e. back) |
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Definition
| stimuli of one unit will start other units to activate but to a certain degree (fingertips) |
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Definition
(pain, temp, crude touch)
LATERAL DIVISION: pain/temp
ANTERIOR(VENTRAL DIVSION: crude touch
end @ the nucleus region of the thalamus |
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Definition
(fine touch, pressure, and proprioception)
end in brain medulla for first synapse; secondary-order sensory cells ascend the medial lemnisucus and end with spinothalmic |
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Term
| discrimitive tactile pathway |
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Definition
| stimuls source, fine touch, vibrations, stereogenesis, limb/body positon |
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| Secondary Cortex (3rd order neurons) |
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Definition
| fine tune sensory messages; send descending sensory control fibers to relay stations to regulate the quality and quantity of messages arriving in cortex |
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Definition
| shows the sensations that the brain can detect |
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Term
| Difference between Sharp pain/Slow pain |
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Definition
Sharp: 10x faster than C-fiber; thin but mylineated
Slow: unmylenated nerve fiber; goes through reticular formation to arise pain |
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Definition
| electrical stimulation of the preiaqueductal gray region. inhibits pain in the conscious animal |
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Definition
| seretonin released, excited dorsal horn to release it...suppress relay of pain signals by afferent c-type fibers |
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| Gate Theory of Pain inhibition |
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Definition
| when in pain, exciting the fast pain nerve fibers, it enduces the dorsal horn to activate inhibitory neurons |
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Definition
| usually caused by pain fibers converging onto the dorsal horn relay cells. and the convergence may involve fibers from diff body parts |
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Definition
pain from an amputated limb;
Solution: can be cured by rearrangement of the sensory map through imagining the limb still exists |
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Definition
| refrats the rays inward (convex) |
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Definition
| parrelel rays to a focal point...can focus on distance by actively changing curvature |
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Definition
controls pupil
sphincter contracts
dilator widens |
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Definition
| the lense's ability to change curvature |
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Definition
| total loss of accomodation |
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Definition
| defect in the curvature of cornea |
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Term
| Why is Melanin in the back of the eye? |
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Definition
| because in the back of eye it stops reflection of light and glare |
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Definition
| retina's outermost layer responds to light and dark then sent to brain |
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Definition
| PR cells to bipolar cells to ganglion cells to brain |
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Term
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Definition
Fovea: day vision, color vision, sprecise vision
Retinal Periphery: night vision |
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Definition
| in rods, photoreceptor protein molecule |
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Definition
| increases rod cell membrane potential by reducing cGMP--->opens Na channels |
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Definition
| coordinates accomodation and light reflexes as well as some eye/head movement |
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Term
Primary Visual Cortex (PVC)
what can it make out? |
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Definition
| Lines, orientations, simple colors |
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Term
| Outter Ear (organs within) |
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Definition
| Pinna, Auditory Canal, Tymanic membrane |
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Term
| Middle Ear (organs within) |
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Definition
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| Inner Ear (organs within) |
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Definition
| oval window, cochlea, auditory nerve, round window |
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Term
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Definition
| basilar membrane funs inside cochlea (supports hair cells) |
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| Olfactory Receptor Nuerons |
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Definition
| 1. olfactory cilia are olfactory receptors |
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Definition
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| Spinal Cord (SC) Function |
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Definition
| (1)nerve center: integrating the incoming sensory signals/activate motor output w/o brain intervation (2) intermediate nerve center betwen periphery system and brain |
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Term
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Definition
| myelinated nerve fiber axons; brain = descending SC = ascending |
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Term
| Somatic Reflexes (function) |
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Definition
| body's skeletal muscles and motor behavior |
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Term
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Definition
| help regulate the internal environment by affecting exocrine gland hear with veisceral smooth muscle. |
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Term
| Reflex Arc (the WHOLE tract) |
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Definition
| 1. detect stimulus 2. afferent nerve: conveys sensory signal to SC/brain 3. integrate synaptic crater - analyze sensory input/produces motor output commands 4. efferent nerve: conducts the motor output to the periphery 5. motor effector carries out respons regulator. |
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Term
| Y gamma nuerons (Y efferents) |
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Definition
| small spinal neurons,stimulated by sensory fibers from periphery and by neurons from the higher brain motor centers. |
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Definition
| the reflex arc involves one or more interneurons and higher # of synaptic connection |
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Definition
| are large nuerons that excite the ordinary muscle fibers (extrafusal) (do both exciting of muscles and returening the muscle fiber to the original length) |
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Definition
| (limb flexor relfex)/ noxious (sharp or hot) stimuli active the ain receptors and their sensory fibers |
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Definition
| mediation of spinal reflexes by assocaitve interneurons |
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Definition
| in forebrain; work together with motor areas of cortex and cerebellum to plan and coordinate lots of voluntary movements |
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Definition
| basal ganglia lesions produce pronounted motor disorder....AKA can't initiate voluntary movement |
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Definition
| Map of the body's muscles (motor homunculus) -->proportional to the degree of motor control and skilled movement |
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| Corticospinal Tract (CS TRACT)/upper motor neurons |
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Definition
| controls all trunk and limb movement |
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Definition
| regulate speech tongue, and head movement |
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Definition
| communicates with basal ganglia and cerebellum....**planning of movement and recruitment those above...and other motor areas for initiation of voluntary movement (sometimes it actually deploys neurons) |
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Definition
| receives input from premotor cortex ---> analyzed by CB cortex circuts ---> outcome is relayed to deep CB nuclie by Purkinje cells (release GABA (inhibitory)) |
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Definition
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Definition
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| Cerebrocerebellum (consists of cerebellum hemisphere) |
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Definition
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| cerebellum hemisphere (input? output?) |
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Definition
| input: premotor cortex ---- output: thalamus |
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Definition
| 3.26 light years...earth's radius to turn 1 arcsec |
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Definition
| (electron degeneracy) past 1.4 solar masses--->core collapse--->core transformed into sea of neutrons (electrons squeezsed into protons, neutrinos released) |
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Term
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Definition
1.4-2 Solar Masses
Supported by Electron Degeneracy (neutrinos)
Very Small Diameter (20km) |
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Term
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Definition
(every 1.337 sec.)
After collapse spin and magnetic field strength increases; magnetic field bemas radiation into space |
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Term
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Definition
1. The speed of light is constant for everyone. it's the fastest possible speed in the universe.
2. The rules of physics are identical for everyone, no matter their speed. |
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