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MCB Exam 3 Questions
Chapman
228
Microbiology
Undergraduate 2
11/14/2012

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Term
What allows deinococcus radiodurans to endure high doses of ionizing radiation?
Definition
multiple copies of chromoseom & radiation absorbing pigments
Term
What are the 5 types of phototrophic bacteria?
Definition
blue-green, green sulfur, green non-sulfur, purple sulfur, purple non-sulfur
Term
What are the 8 types of low G+C gram-pos bacteria?
Definition
clostridium, mycoplasma, lactobacillus, enterococcus, bacillus, listeria, streptococcus, staphylococcus
Term
What are the 3 types of high G+C gram-pos bacteria?
Definition
corynebacterium, mycobacterium, actinomycetes
Term
What is the most common form of food poisoning?
Definition
Clostridium botulinum
Term
What are symptoms of clostridium botulinum?
Definition
headache, double vision, flaccid paralysis
Term
__ is involved in duck die-offs.
Definition
Botulinum
Term
How does botulism kill babies?
Definition
lives in intestines and starts making the neurotoxin to make dead organic matter
Term
What does the tetanus vaccine do?
Definition
infect with tetanus toxin that's chemically inactive, to get body used to it
Term
What is tetanospasmin?
Definition
tetanus excretion
Term
How does the antitoxin for tetanus work?
Definition
aminoglobulins bind to toxin to get them to stop suffering from tetanus
Term
What is the untreated mortality rate of tetanus?
Definition
40-80%
Term
Factors that cause wound infections include:
1. ___ of contaminating organism
2. size of contaminating ___
3. extent of __ damage at wound
4. ____ of wounded person
Definition
1. virulence
2. dose
3. tissue
4. health status
Term
What are symptoms of clostridium perfringens?
Definition
abdominal pain, diarrhea
Term
How does gas gangrene work?
Definition
use fermentative pathways, making CO2 which builds in the wound
Term
How do antibiotics help C. Diff?
Definition
kill other intestinal organisms, leaving room for C. Diff to grow
Term
What does C. diff's tissue destruction cause?
Definition
formation of plaque-like pseudomembrane
Term
What is used to treat C. diff?
Definition
probiotics
Term
What are the 3 virulence factors in bacillus anthracis?
Definition
edema factor; lethal factor; protective antigen
Term
What is the untreated mortality rate in cutaneous anthrax?
Definition
20%
Term
What does edema factor cause in anthrax?
Definition
fluids to leech into the lung
Term
What does gastrointestinal anthrax do?
Definition
infects gut due to eating contaminated meat
Term
How does bacitrcin inhibit peptidoglycan synthesis?
Definition
interferes w/ movement of precursor groups through cell membrane to cell wall
Term
16sRNA shows mycoplasma are most like ____, but they appear ___ in a gram-stain.
Definition
clostridium; gram-negative
Term
Why are mycoplasma penicilin resistent?
Definition
don't have cell walls
Term
What are symptoms of mycoplasma pneumoniae?
Definition
headache, sort throat, sweating, coughing, really tired, fever
Term
How is walking pneumonia treated?
Definition
erthyromycin
Term
How is walking pneumonia spread?
Definition
nasal secretions
Term
What is the incubation period for walking pneumonia?
Definition
7-14 days
Term
How long does it take for walking pneumonia to be seen on a screen?
Definition
2-6 weeks
Term
What disease is responsible for 1/2 of all infections that lead to infertility?
Definition
ureaplasma urealyticum
Term
What is used to treat ureaplasma urealyticum patients?
Definition
tetracycline
Term
What do most patients at VD clinics carry?
Definition
ureaplasma urealytican
Term
Listeria produces enzymes that cause polymerization of ___, which is how they move.
Definition
actin fibers
Term
Listeria survives phagocytosis to lives within ____
Definition
cytoplasm of macrophages
Term
What does catalase negative mean?
Definition
unable to break down H2O2
Term
stopped at slide 40
Definition
Term
____ is extensive destruction of deep subcutaneous muscle and fat.
Definition
necrotizing fasciitis
Term
Flesh eating bacteria is aka:
Definition
necrotizing fasciitis
Term
___ is excretion of enzymes capable of breaking down redblood cells.
Definition
hemolysis
Term
What happens with beta hemolytic cells in agar?
Definition
complete clearing around the colony
Term
What is petechiae?
Definition
red spots in the throat
Term
What causes 35% of sore throats for kids?
Definition
streptococcal pharyngitis
Term
What is used to diagnose streptococcal involvement in pharyngitis?
Definition
rapid strep screen (RSS)
Term
What is the treatment for s. pyogenes?
Definition
pencillins or tetracyclines
Term
3% of s. Pyogenes cases get sequelae, causing ___, ____, ___, or ___.
Definition
scarlet fever, rheumatic fever, glomerulonephritis, chorea
Term
What can cause s. pyogenes?
Definition
direct contact or droplet infection
Term
What is used to treat pneumonia?
Definition
amoxicillin
Term
Most strains of s. pneumnoia are __ hemolytic.
Definition
alpha
Term
Virulent s. pneumonia have a __ made of ___.
Definition
capsule; polysaccharides
Term
How does s. pneumoniae interfere with recognition by macrophages?
Definition
anitphagocytic capsule
Term
___ is inflammation of membranes that surround brain and spinal cord.
Definition
bacterial meningitis
Term
Any organism that can access the CNS can cause:
Definition
spinal meningitis
Term
Enterococcus can cause ___, ___, ____, and ___ if it gets out of intestines.
Definition
UTIs, bacteremia, endocarditis, meningitis
Term
Why is vancomycin resistant enterococcus such an issue?
Definition
vancomycin is the last resort with enterococcus
Term
_____ can cause peritonitis if it gets into the abdominal cavity.
Definition
enterococcus faecalis
Term
Staphylococcus tend to grow on ___.
Definition
skin
Term
What does catalase negative mean?
Definition
unable to break down hydrogen peroxide
Term
What protects staphylococcus aureus from phagocytes?
Definition
coagulase (enzyme that causes fibrin to clot)
Term
How does hyaluronidase help the staphylococcus aureus bacteria?
Definition
breaks down hylauronic acid, which helps hold cells and tissues together
Term
How does staphylococcal food poisoning happen?
Definition
heat stable enterotoxin
Term
___ dissolves blood clots to allow spread to new locations.
Definition
staphylokinase
Term
___ disrupts cell membranes of most host cells.
Definition
cytolytic toxins
Term
___ disrupts cytoplasmic membranes of leukoctyes.
Definition
leukocidin
Term
____ triggers fever, vomiting, rash, and shock.
Definition
toxic shock syndrome.
Term
What is the "D" in the DPT shot?
Definition
diphteria
Term
What produces the palisades in C. dip?
Definition
snapping cell division
Term
How does the immunization for c. diptheria work?
Definition
inject w/ just enough dip to retain structure, making an immunological response happen
Term
If C. diptheria becomes systemic, what can happen?
Definition
heart and kidney failure in 7-10 days.
Term
___ are slow growing, non-spore forming rods with waxy mycolic acids in cell walls.
Definition
mycobacterium
Term
How do antibiotic drugs affect leprosy?
Definition
they can never kill it off completely
Term
What was used to form the first aminoglycoside, used to inhibit bacterial ribosomes?
Definition
streptomyces griseus
Term
Gram-positive cell walls are bound together by ___ and ___.
Definition
teichoic acids; lipoteichoic acids
Term
Gram-negative cell wall has a thin layer of ___, with outer membrane of ___.
Definition
peptidoglycan; lipopolysaccharide
Term
Tuberculosis transmission is usually associated with:
Definition
aerosol from an infected person
Term
In latent TB, body successfully:
Definition
inhibits spread of bacteria
Term
In active TB, the bacteria can infect ___ tissue.
Definition
ANY
Term
Alpha, beta, gamma, delta, and epsilonproteobacteria are all ____ bacteria.
Definition
gram-negative
Term
With rhizobium, bacteria converts atmospheric nitrogen to ammonia, then provides __ to the plant, while the plant provides ___.
Definition
organic nitrogenous compounds; organic compounds from photosynthesis
Term
What is a crown gall?
Definition
tumor of tissue caused by modified DNA, producing strange AA that plant can't use
Term
slide 77
Definition
Term
____ is a nitrifying bacterium that helps convert ammonia to nitrate.
Definition
nitrobacter
Term
_____ has anoxygenic photosynthesis and can use light energy to produce PMF
Definition
rhodospirillacea (purple non-sulfur bacteria)
Term
Bacteria that are grown in light produce ___.
Definition
rhodopsin
Term
Brucella abortis does not colonize the ___.
Definition
gut
Term
Symptoms of Rickettsia rickettsia are:
Definition
non-itchy spotted rash
fever
headache
chills
muscle aches
nausea
vomiting
petechiae
Term
What is the causative agent of typhus?
Definition
Rickettsia rickettsia
Term
What are gonorrhea symtpoms in men?
Definition
burning sensation and pus discharge
Term
What are gonorrhea symptoms in women?
Definition
may be asymptomatic or vaginal discharge and pelvic pain
Term
What happens if gonorrhea is left untreated?
Definition
spreads through the body, can cause sterility
Term
How often is gonorrhea asymptomatic in women?
Definition
4/5 times, can cause inflammation of cervix and uterine tubes
Term
In ___, airways become constricted by mucus.
Definition
b. pertussis
Term
B. pertussis can be treated by ___, if caught early. However, most treatment is ___ b/c it's about the epithelium, not the number of bacteria.
Definition
erthyromycin; supportive
Term
How is salmonellosis transmitted?
Definition
fecal-oral cycle
Term
What is the incubation period for salmonellosis?
Definition
8-48 hours
Term
___ is infection of the blood caused by salmonellosis.
Definition
typhoid fever
Term
Typhoid fever's 2 worst symptoms are ___ and ___
Definition
kidney failure, peritonitis
Term
___ is an infection of animals that only infects human as second target.
Definition
zoonosis
Term
What are the 2 manifestations of the plague?
Definition
bubonic (flea bite)
pneumonic (aerosol from infected person
Term
If bubonic, what is the main symptom of the plague?
Definition
enlarged lymph nodes
Term
What is the main symptom of the plague if pneumonic?
Definition
bloody cough b/c of lung infecion
Term
Which type of plague is contagious?
Definition
pneumonic
Term
____ causes rapid wound infections after exposure to contaminated sea water.
Definition
vibrio vulnificus
Term
In cholera, ___ clears up the infection, but ___ is the cause of the disease.
Definition
tetracycline; choleragen (toxin)
Term
What causes pink eye?
Definition
haemophilus aegyptius
Term
What usually causes otitis media?
Definition
throat organisms
Term
What is a chancre?
Definition
syphilitic ulcer
Term
What does the chancre do?
Definition
sheds bacteria (very contagious)
Term
What is congenital syphilis?
Definition
when mom gives syphilis to baby
Term
What are the normal microflora of the mouth?
Definition
gram positive streptococci
alpha hemolytic
Term
If listeriosis symptoms appear, the odds of death are ___
Definition
20%
Term
When did eukaryotic microbes first evolve?
Definition
2.5-3B years ago
Term
What is an exon?
Definition
part of DNA that encode info for protein synthesis in eukaryotes
Term
What is an intron?
Definition
nonsense sequences of DNA that aren't necessarily necessary
Term
What do eukaryotic mRNAs have on the 3' end?
Definition
poly A-tail
Term
___ makes most of the ATP that's used in a eukaryotic cell.
Definition
mitochondria
Term
___ have their own, mini chromosome.
Definition
mitochondria
Term
What are made from the mitochondrial chromosome?
Definition
a small percentage of the proteins they need
Term
What may hydrogenosomes evolved from?
Definition
mitochondria
Term
____ are associated with basal body of flagella.
Definition
kinetoplasts
Term
How are introns gotten rid of?
Definition
splicing enzymes
Term
___ resist tension, while ___ resist compression.
Definition
microfilaments; microtubules
Term
____ is extension of cytoplasm seen in protozoa and animal cells that enables the cell to move by amoeboid motion
Definition
pseudopod
Term
What is the order of the 4 phases of mitosis?
Definition
prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase
Term
____ is cell division for reproduction.
Definition
meiosis
Term
In _____, a chromosome looks like a X and is composed of 2 copies of chromosome that have undergone replication.
Definition
mitosis metaphase
Term
What is the key difference between mitosis and meiosis?
Definition
in meiosis, each X-shaped chromosome associates with its homologous partner to form chromosome pairs
Term
Algae produce ___ and fix ___.
Definition
oxygen, CO2
Term
What happens to energized electrons in photosynthesis?
Definition
passed off to NADP+ to NADPH
Term
Where is algae common?
Definition
water and upper millimeters of damp soil or snow
Term
Algae go through ___ photosynthesis.
Definition
oxygenic
Term
What is a unicellular fungi?
Definition
yeast
Term
What is the technical name for fungal kingdom?
Definition
mycopheta
Term
___ make reproductive spores.
Definition
Fungus
Term
Fungal spores can be ___ or ___.
Definition
vegetative (asexual); sexual
Term
What is a basidiocarp?
Definition
top part of mushroom
Term
Sexual cycle of zymycota forms a mass of diploid cells called:
Definition
zygosporangium
Term
Meiosis within the zygosporangium yields a ___ and ___.
Definition
hypha; sporangium
Term
Basidiospores develop at end of basidia, which develops from:
Definition
intertwined hyphae of basidiocarp
Term
What happens in the sexual cycle of saccharoymces cervisiae?
Definition
gives a single celled ascus that contains 2-4 ascospores
Term
What is a yeast infection for women?
Definition
overgrowth of vaginal candida albicans
Term
What is a dimorphic fungus?
Definition
something that's hyphae in soil & yeast in lungs
Term
What does aspergillus flavus look like?
Definition
broccoli heads
Term
What is aflatoxin?
Definition
liver carcinogen found in improperly stored grains and peanuts
Term
What mutation does aflatoxin cause?
Definition
converts guanines to thymines
Term
What phylum is candida albicans found in?
Definition
ascomycota
Term
What three species can cause ringworm?
Definition
tricophyton rubrum, microsporum gypseum, and microsporum canis
Term
What is onychomycosis?
Definition
fungal infection of nail
Term
What is thrush?
Definition
infection of oral cavity
Term
Where is histoplasma capsulatum found?
Definition
soils contaminated by bat or bird droppings
Term
What are some of the symptoms of histoplasmosis?
Definition
chronic fever, cough, chest pain, lung cavities, may cough up tissue
Term
How does coccidiodomycosis act in lungs?
Definition
like a yeast
Term
Where does coccidiodomycosis live?
Definition
hot, dry, dusty areas
Term
How is coccidiodomycosis contracted?
Definition
inhalation of spores
Term
What is the size range for protozoa?
Definition
2-3 microns to 200-300 microns
Term
What do protozoa use to be motile?
Definition
pseudopods, flagella, cilia
Term
What is encystment, and what has it?
Definition
tough resting form of organism; protozoas
Term
What does diplomonad mean?
Definition
protozoa with 2 nuclei
Term
What are the 3 stages of amoeboflagellates?
Definition
amoeba, flagellated, cyst
Term
When do protozoa form cysts?
Definition
when conditions become unfavorable
Term
What is the trophozite?
Definition
the actively feeding and growing form of a protozoan
Term
What form of protozoa usually causes disease?
Definition
trophozite
Term
___ have hard shells made of calcium carbonate.
Definition
foraminfera
Term
In ciliophora, the ___ is large and has copies of the genome, while the ___ is small and involved in sexual reproduction.
Definition
macronucleus; micronucleus
Term
Where do the life stages of t. brucei occur?
Definition
extracellularly
Term
Chronic t. cruzi can affect the ___, ___, or ___.
Definition
heart, colon, peripheral nervous system
Term
What is the merozoite stage of plasmodium falciparum?
Definition
microorganism grows in either red blood cells or liver cells
Term
What happens if pregnant women inhale taxoplasma gondii?
Definition
can transfer to the fetus and kill it
Term
What is the vegetative stage like for penicillum chrysogenum?
Definition
produces white or yellow
Term
What both causes hallucinations and can be used to induce labor?
Definition
ergot (toxin from clavices purpurea)
Term
What is African sleeping sickness?
Definition
fatal infection of blood that can spread to nervous system
Term
A suitable host cell must have the ___ a virus needs to reproduce.
Definition
enzymes
Term
Sizes:
1. Red blood cell
2. E. Coli
3. Poliovirus
4. Small Pox Virus
5. Bacteriophage T4
6. Tobacco mosaic virus
Definition
1. 10,000 nm diameter
2. 1000 nm x 3000 nm
3. 30 nm
4. 200 nm x 300 nm
5. 50 nm x 225 nm
6. 15 nm x 300 nm
Term
Viral envelope is a ___ bilayer, embedded with ___, but is not active like a cytoplasmic membrane.
Definition
lipid; proteins
Term
What shape is the rabies virus?
Definition
bullet
Term
What are the 3 pieces of the tail of a bacteriophage?
Definition
base plate, tail fibers, tail spike
Term
What are the 5 stages of the general virus life cycle?
Definition
attachment, entry, synthesis, assembly, release
Term
How does a lambda phage go through attachment?
Definition
attaches to a pore with the base plate
Term
How does lambda phage enter the cell?
Definition
tail protein shifts and rearranges, acts like a syringe to inject DNA into host cell
Term
During which bacteria phage stage is the host chromosome degraded?
Definition
synthesis
Term
How many lambda phages are made during assembly per cell?
Definition
20-50
Term
What is the last thing made by a lambda phage?
Definition
lysozome--degrades peptidoglycan, causes host cell to break open
Term
What is a lytic cycle?
Definition
virus actively grows and kills cell when breaks out
Term
What is a lysogenic cycle?
Definition
virus remains dormant and host cell continues to grow & divide
Term
As long as phage repressor protein is active, what happens to the host cell?
Definition
survives!
Term
What is the one benefit to the host during the lysogenic cycle of a virus?
Definition
protects from other lambda particles
Term
When a lambda lysogen encounters harsh conditions, what can happen to lambda repressor protein?
Definition
can be degraded, causing production of prophage genes
Term
When a virus buds out of a cell, what is the envelope made of?
Definition
cytoplasmic membrane of the host cell with viral proteins on it
Term
What are 3 examples of human viruses that are always in lytic cycle?
Definition
rhinoviruses; enteroviruses; hep A
Term
Viruses with ___ in their genome may be capable of being latent within human cells.
Definition
DNA
Term
What does entero virus mean?
Definition
within the intestines
Term
What is a positive strand virus?
Definition
DNA has same sequence as RNA
Term
Positive sense RNA can be translated by:
Definition
host ribosomes
Term
Why is it virtually impossible to cure AIDS?
Definition
virus becomes latent in T-helper cells
Term
What are the 7 types of animal viruses?
Definition
dsDNA
ssDNA
dsRNA
+ssRNA
-ssRNA
ssRNA-RT (+ sense w/ DNA intermediate)
dsDNA-RT
Term
___ attaches influenza virus to human host cells by attaching to __ residue on the surface of the cells.
Definition
hemagglutinin; sialic acid
Term
___ is enzyme that cleaves ___ off of host cells for the influenza virus to allow new virus particles to release.
Definition
neuraminidase; sialic acid
Term
What are flu symptoms due to?
Definition
immune system attacking infected cells
Term
Mortality rates for rubeola in healthy US kids is ___, __ in less developed nations, and ___ for patients with AIDS.
Definition
.3%; 20%; 30%
Term
What is shingles?
Definition
reactivation of varicalla zoster (chickenpox)
Term
What is the largest virus?
Definition
mimivirus
Term
What is an infection?
Definition
when undesirable microorganism colonizes the host's body
Term
What is a communicable disease?
Definition
something that can pass between humans
Term
Symptoms are:
Definition
aspects of disease felt by patient
Term
What are signs of disease?
Definition
indications of disease that a physician can measure
Term
What are the 6 stages of infectious disease?
Definition
encounter; incubation; prodromal; acute phase; decline/resolution; convalescence
Term
What diseases can cross the placental barrier?
Definition
syphilis, toxoplasmosis, AIDS, rubidium, chlamydia, herpes
Term
Give an example of commensalism.
Definition
streptococcus salivarius lives in human mouth and doesn't cause too many problems
Term
Define virulence.
Definition
ability of microorganism to cause disease
Term
___ is study of interactions between disease causing pathogenic microorganisms and society.
Definition
epidemiology
Term
___ is increase in cases of disease in a certain population.
Definition
epidemic
Term
___ is health of a population in regards to a disease.
Definition
prevalence
Term
What is equation for prevalence?
Definition
total# of cases/population
Term
__ describes rate of change in number of cases of disease within a population.
Definition
#new cases/population
Term
What is the 1st line of defense against disease?
Definition
skin, mucous membranes, chemicals
Term
What is the 2nd line?
Definition
resistance
phagocytosis, complement, interferon, inflammation, fever
Term
What is the 3rd line?
Definition
lymphocytes
antibodies
Term
When is the 3rd line of defense activated?
Definition
when encountered specific foreign antigen (specific defenses)
Term
What 3 things does the skin do to inhibit microbial growth?
Definition
1. enzymes degrade bacterial cell walls
2. organic acids lower PH
3. high levels of salt
Term
How does the respiratory tract defend against microbes?
Definition
produces mucous to trap stuff and contain antibodies
Term
A phagocyte create a ____ to engulf the food, and then does ___.
Definition
phagolysosome; exocytosis
Term
What does an opsonin do?
Definition
targets antigen for immune response
Term
When does immunity develop?
Definition
after exposure to parasite
Term
___ means stimulating antibody production, while ___ means ability to bind effectively to an antibody.
Definition
immunogenicity; reactivity
Term
What makes antibodies different?
Definition
the antigen binding sites
Term
What part of the antibody interacts with phagocytic cells and complement fixation?
Definition
constant region
Term
Phagocytic cells have a greater affinity for bacteria that are coated with:
Definition
antibodies!
Term
Coating of an infectious microorganism with a substance that increases phagocytosis is called:
Definition
opsonization
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