Strep and Staph are both gram _________.

Chains

Clusters

Bacillius

Clostridium

Aerobic

Oligate Anaerobe (grows in deep body parts)

Cholera = _______________

Syphillis = _______________

Vibril

Spirochete

RBC

HgB

Strep. Pyogenes

Intact

Clostridium Perfringenes

C.Tetani

C.Botulinum

C. difficile

1. Endoscopy (for pseudomembranous colitis)
2. Culture (grow anaerobically to get a + culture)
3. Cell culture cytotoxin test = filter feces and look for A and B toxin
4. EIA toxin test
5. PCR toxin gene detection

• Myonecrosis
• Muscle swelling
• Severe pain
• Gas production
• Sepsis

Exotoxin

Nuerotoxin

Constant relaxation

Lockjaw = constant contraction

Hemolysis pattern on blood agar

Serological properties

Biochemical properties

Beta hemolysis ____________ lysis RBCs.

Alpha hemolysis ____________ lysis RBCs.

Gamma hemolysis _______________.

Partially

Completely

does not harm.

C-carbohydrate (need an antigenic analysis of extracted carbohydrate)

A and B groups

S.Pyogenes

S. Agalactiae

Mouth

Throat

Resp. tract

1. Skin infection

2. Respiratory infection

3. Invasive systemic infection (can spread via lympth and cause tissue damage)

Pharyngitis (strep throat)

Tonsillitis

Scarlet fever

Rheumatic fever

Impetigo

Cellulitis

Bactermia

Necrotizing fasciitis

1. Pili

2. M protein

3. Capsule

4. Streptolysin S and O

5. Hyaloronidase

6. Pyrogenic extotoxins

7. Bacteremia

Spreading factor

Connective tissue

Fever

Blood system

Petidoglycans

Capsule

Hydrolytic enzymes = Proteases, lipases, amylases that destroy all polymers.

Puerperal sepsis

Pneumonia

Meningitis

Alpha

Invasive

Anything that interferes with:

The cough reflex

the epiglottal reflex

Cilliary action

1. Non-spore forming

2. Faculative

3. Short rods

4. Gram -

5. Ferment glucose with acid +/- gas

O = somatic

K = capusle

H = Flagella

E. coli = GI and UTI infections

Klebsiella = pneumonia, and UTI

Salmonella = Typhoid fever (severe form)

Proteus = UTI

Used to detect with pathogen if any caused an UTI infection.

You phenol read indicator if you have a colony <25 then no infection.

if colony 25-50 may have infection

If colony > 50 then def have an infection

Increase

Pink

Decrease

Yellow

E.Coli (main)

Klebsiella

Proteus

Heat labile (LT1 and II)

Heat stable (STa and STb)

Shiga like (STL I and STL II) = bloody diarrhea

Hemolysin

Has 2 toxins (LTI n II) and (Sta n b).  LT increase cAMP while St increases GMP these cause ions to be lost and water follows.

Both interfere with the uptake of ions

Shiga like toxin

Can cause bloody diarrhea

HUS

Hemolytic Uremic syndrome

What are the possible pathogenesis outcomes of bacteria transmitted by the enteric route?

1. Mucosal adherence

2. Mucosal invasion

3. Mucosal translocation

Production of enterotoxin

No invasion or lesions

Watery diarrhea

Ex: Vibrio Cholerae

Cells are invaded, bacteremia is less common

Have observable lesions

Diarrhea with blood or pus is possible

Ex: Enteropathogenic E.Coli and Shigella

Bacteria passes thru the mucosal layer

Spreads thru body in macrophages

Symptoms such as fever, shock

Ex: Salmonella typhi (survive phagocytosis)

1. rabit ileal loop test

2. Infant mouse lethality

3. Enzymatic tests

1. Production of keatoconjunctivitis (guinea pig eyes)

2. Invasion of cells in tissue culture

1. Gastroenteritis (mildest)

2. Septicemia

3. Enteric fever (most severe)

Septicemia

Fever, Shock, lesions in the kidneys and lungs

GI symptoms may be low

Pediatric and Geriatric are greater risk

Most sever form of infection  = Typhoid fever

Invades the Intestinal tract, penetrates the wall enter lymph nodes.  Dont get killed by phagocytes so they multiply and reenter the blood stream (fever, shock from endotoxin). Can reenter intestine and cause diarrhea and infect gall bladder also.

Frequently fatal

1. UTI

2. 1-5% of penumonia

Can be Bubonic, Septicemic and Pneumonic

Bubonic = Lympth nodes are infected, usually groins; pain in limbs and get fever

Septicemic = Spreads to liver and lungs

Pneumonic = Infection of lungs, rapid spread, high fatality rate

Wild rodent---flea----wild rodent

Wild rodent---flea----domestic rodent---humans

response is related to the location.

In fleas = low temp = coagulase = more bites

In blood = Antiphagocytic Fraction 1 Ag = high temp

In macrophages = High temp, low Ca2+ = Expression of outer membrane proteins

Vibrio Cholera = associated wi/epidemics

Vibrio Vulnficus = associated w/wounds

Food and Water

High ID50> 10^8, but if neutralize pH then ID50 ~ 10^4.  (now more likely to get sick)

1. Motility

2. Attachment (to M cells)

3. Enterotoxin production ( A-B toxin)

Wound infections = cuts exposed to contaminated water, shellfish or crabs swelling to necrosis

Septicemia = Ingestion of contaminated seafood

low

Guillain- Barre Syndrome

Attachment

Toxin

(destroys the tight junction and causes the cells to disperse and die)

Summer time

Recreational use

A-E with all similar activities

Are super antigens that increase cytokine, nausea, vomitting, and cause severe watery diarrhea with no fever

RBCs

WBCs

Macrophages

Fibroblasts

Platelets

Proteases

Scalded skin syndrome

Coagulase

Hyaluronidase

Staphylokinase

Lipases

Nucleases

Clotting factor

spreading factor

Protein A

Precipitate

Toxic Shock Syndrome

(Staph infection from tampon causes superantigen = shock)

1.Chlamydia

2. Trachoma (conjuctivitis)

3. Reiters syndrome

4. PID

5. Lymphogranuloma venerum

1. Infectious elementary bodies

2. Non-infectious reticulate bodies

Energy dependent

cell wall

ATP

1. Trachoma

2. Lymphogranuloma venereum (LGV)

3. mouse pathogen

Non traumatic blindness

Asymptomatic

Urethra

prostate gland

epididymis

Cervical infection

Inflmmation of the fallopian tubes

can lead to sterility or ectopic pregnancy

women

urethritis

LOS

LipoOligosaccharides

1. Capsules = antiphagocytic

2. Endotoxin = LOS

3. IgA proteases

4. Transferrin = steals Fe from host

Small, purplish hemorrhagic spots on the skin that appear in certain severe fevers; they are indicative of great prostration.

(skin infection from N.meningitidis)

Colonize in the nasal passage

In 7-10 bactercidial Ab is made and bacteria spreads

(Carrier state persists for days to months)

Mild fever, pharyngitis

Septicemia w/fever and shock because of LOS

Inflammation of brain and spinal cord

Not resistant

Sensitive to sun, heat and cold

1. Pilli= usually attach to urinary tract (MOST IMPORTANT)

2. Opa proteins = mediate binding to cells

3. Tbps and Lbp = Tranferrin/ Lactoferrin

4. LOS = with Lipid A and endotoxin activity

 What are the possible complications of disseminated gonococcal infection

Baacterimia leading to disseminated gonococcal infection.

Infection in the joints can lead to arthritis

Newborns can get severe eye infections that can lead to blindness.

1/5

95%

Most are asymptomatic

Bacteria attaches to columnar epithelium cells and some are engulfed and transported into the submucossal area and causes irritation and some clinical symtpoms such as pain with pee, vaginal discharge and ab pain.

What other antibiotics are used to treat gonorrhea?

What are the chances of gonorrheal infection after a single exposure for male and female?

Men = 1/5

Women = 1/2

Which diseases discussed in class are zoonotic diseases? And what does zoonotic mean?

Bacillus Anthracis

Affects domestic and wild animals

Facilitated anaerobe

Obligate anaerobe

1. Cutaneous (most common)

2. Inhalation (lethal)

Slender rod shaped

Gram +

Non spore forming

nonmotile

Aerobic or faculative anaerobic bacilli

Has capsules but are not effective so get ingested in to macrophages but survive due to

high lipid content on cell wall (allows survival in harsh conditions)

What is the mechanism of pathogenesity of TB agent?

What are the main clinical manifestation of TB?

Productive, persistent cough

Weight loss

fatigue

night sweats

 What are the characteristics of TB skin test? What material is used in the test

Intracutaneous injection.  Read it 48-72 hrs later. (hypersensitivity rxn) Results vary. either you have it, had it, or have a vaccine for it.

they inject the mycobacterium.

Gram + bacilli

Obligate intracellular parasite

Non toxic

Acid fast

Destroys schwann cells and axons

Degenerative myelination and axon degeneration

False

There is no cure no vaccine

Improve their symptoms, but little to none in nerve damage.

Multi antibiotic therapy is needed