Term
| What are the four chemical principles needed to understand molecular processes at the cellular level? |
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Definition
Molecular complementarity
Chemical building blocks
Chemical equilibrium
Chemical bond energy |
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Term
| What are the most abundant element in biological molecules? |
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Definition
CHNOPS.
Three most abundant CHO. |
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Term
| D- Stereoisomers are primarily what type of molecules? |
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Definition
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Term
| L- Stereoisomers are primarily what type of molecules? |
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Definition
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Term
| Covalent bond strength (Least to Greatest) |
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Definition
TWiHP C
Thermal
Waals
Ionic
Hydrogen
Phosphoanhydride bond
Covalent |
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Term
| ---- dissolve in water because the energy of hydration is greater than the lattice energy to form the crystal structure? |
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Definition
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Term
| Hydrophobic aggregation results in a ---- entropy state in water? |
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Definition
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Term
| Three most abundant macromolecules? |
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Definition
Proteins
Nucleic Acids
Polysaccharides |
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Term
| Macromolecules are ---- linked to one another and release H20 during the formation of the bond? |
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Definition
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Term
| True or False? Macromolecules can be assembled by noncovalent interactions? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are the two parts of the phospholipid? |
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Definition
| Hydrophobic fatty acyl tail and Hydrophilic head |
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Term
| Muscle, skin, bone, nerve, and blood cells. Why are they different? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the average weight of an amino acids? |
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Definition
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Term
| Why are there more proteins than actual genes that code for them? (2) |
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Definition
Alternative Splicing
Protein Modifications |
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Term
| 8 hydrophobic amino acids? |
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Definition
Alanine
Valine
Isoleucine
Leucine
Methionine
Phenylalanine
Tyrosine
Tryptophan |
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Term
| What are the 3 special amino acids? What is special? |
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Definition
Cysteine - Sulphur
Glycine - Flexible, just H
Proline - Rigid |
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Term
| Histidine has two nitrogens and is known as a ----? |
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Definition
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Term
| What amino acids can be phosphorylated (3) |
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Definition
| Serine, Threonine, Tyrosine |
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Term
| What amino acids can be glycoslated? (3) |
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Definition
| Asparagine, serine, and threonine |
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Term
| What amino acid can be hydroxylated? (2) |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| The most common storage carbohydrate in animal cells is ? |
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Definition
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Term
| Monosaccharides have either ____ ending or a _____ ending? |
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Definition
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Term
| Lactose is a polymer of what two monomers? |
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Definition
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Term
| Sucrose is a polymer of what two molecules? |
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Definition
| Glucose and Fructose (Sucrose is within Fructose is if you jumble the letters) |
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Term
| Saturated molecules have more ____ bonds? |
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Definition
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Term
| Fatty acids consist of a hydrocarbon chain attached to a ? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are the basic two parts of the polar head of phospholipids? |
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Definition
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Term
| Ratio of the products to reactants at equilibrium is the ----? |
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Definition
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Term
| Rate the Kd in Order of weakest to strongest affinity? 10-9 M, 10-6 M. 10-3 M. |
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Definition
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Term
| Rate the Keq in Order of weakest to strongest affinity? 10-9 M, 10-6 M. 10-3 M. |
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Definition
| 10-9 M, 10-6 M. 10-3 M. (I think. Keq is reciprocal of Kd) |
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Term
| Chemical, concentration gradient, and electric are all examples of ---- energy? |
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Definition
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Term
| ----- determines the direction of the chemical reaction? |
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Definition
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Term
| If delta G is negative the reaction is said to be ----? |
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Definition
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Term
| If delta G is postive the reaction is said to be ----? |
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Definition
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Term
| --- is the measure of bond (chemical ) energy of a system? |
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Definition
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Term
| ---- measure of a system’s randomness or disorder? |
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Definition
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Term
| Catalysts such as enzymes accelerate the reaction by lowering the energy of the ---- ---- and thus lowering the activation energy. |
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Definition
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Term
| Hydrolysis of ---- drives many cellular processes? |
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Definition
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Term
| --- is derived from three-dimensional structure of proteins? |
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Definition
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Term
| 4 secondary protein structures? |
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Definition
Alpha helix
Beta Sheet
Beta Turn
Random Coil |
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Term
| What are the three broad categories of proteins? |
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Definition
| Fibrous, globular, and integral membrane proteins. |
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Term
| Three structural motifs of a protein used to interact with other proteins? |
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Definition
EF Hand
Leucine Zipper
Zinc Finger |
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Term
| Functional domains of proteins are also known as ____ domains? |
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Definition
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Term
| What determines a proteins secondary, tertiary, and quaternary structure? |
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Definition
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Term
| Newly formed or forming polypeptide is referred to as --- polypeptide? |
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Definition
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Term
| ____ cleaves disulfide bonds? |
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Definition
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Term
| Protein folding in vivo is promoted by ? |
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Definition
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Term
| GroEL is an example of a ? |
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Definition
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Term
| ---- Specificity refers to the ability of a protein to bind one molecule in preference to others? |
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Definition
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Term
| ---- refers to the strength of binding (Kd)? |
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Definition
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Term
| True or False? Enzymes increase the rate of the reaction but do not affect the extent of the reaction. |
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Definition
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Term
| Rate of an enzymatic reaction is proportional to the substrate concentrations at (high/low) concentrations until the rate has reached maximal velocity? |
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Definition
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Term
| Fact. Michaelis constant Km is a measure of the affinity of an enzyme for its substrate. |
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Definition
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Term
| Will higher affinity substrates or low affinity substrates have a higher Vmax? |
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Definition
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Term
| ---- marks cytosolic proteins for degradation in proteasomes. An example is the degradation of the cyclins in the cell cycle |
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Definition
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Term
| --- modifications include hydrolysis of the peptide or addition of a molecule to a side chain or to the N- or C-terminus of the protein? |
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Definition
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Term
| ---- binding permits cooperative regulation of proteins. |
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Definition
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Term
| True or False? Proteolytic cleavage irreversibly activates or inactivates some proteins? |
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Definition
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Term
| Differential centrifugation seperates proteins based on ? |
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Definition
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Term
| Rate zonal centrifugation separates particles based on ? |
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Definition
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Term
| SDS-electrophoresis seperates proteins on what? |
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Definition
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Term
| In gel filtration, which proteins elute first? |
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Definition
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Term
| In ____ chromatography proteins are separated based on charge? |
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Definition
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Term
---- study of all or a large subset of
proteins in a biological system |
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Definition
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Term
| Proteins that degrade other proteins? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are the four basic genetic molecular process and where in the cell do they take place?? |
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Definition
Transcription (Nucleus)
RNA processing (Nucleus)
Translation (Cytosol)
Replication (Nucleus) |
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Term
| Nucleotides are connected by ---- bonds? |
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Definition
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Term
| Two main components of nucleic acids? |
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Definition
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Term
Most DNA is a right handed helix and is referred to
as ---- DNA? |
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Definition
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Term
| ---- is formed when the water is removed from B DNA as in the crystal form? |
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Definition
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Term
| ____ DNA is formed when there are long rows of alternating C and Gs in the DNA strand? |
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Definition
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Term
| Torsional stress can be relieved by---- that broke (nick) the DNA and after relieve of the stress ligates the DNA back together. |
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Definition
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Term
| Torsional stress of replication DNA causes what phenomenon? |
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Definition
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Term
| Hairpins, stem-loops, and pseudoknots are all examples of what? |
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Definition
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Term
| Uracil replaces ---- in transcription of DNA? |
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Definition
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Term
These function to regulate the translation of specific
mRNAs? |
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Definition
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Term
| Name the three stages of transcription? |
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Definition
| initiation, elongation, and termination. |
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Term
| ____ binds DNA during initiation of transcription? |
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Definition
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Term
| --- are contiguous array of genes that encode proteins of similar function in prokaryotes? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are the four main modifications of nascent RNA? |
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Definition
5’ cap (7-methylguanylate)
Poly (A) tails
RNA splicing
Alternative RNA splicing |
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Term
---- requires tRNA and aminoacyl-tRNA
synthetases. tRNA has a stem-loop arrangement. |
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Definition
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Term
| What are the three sites of a ribosome? |
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Definition
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Term
Recognition of the initiating AUG is facilitated by this
sequence of surrounding nucleotides? |
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Definition
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Term
| True or False? Requires a primer (RNA or DNA)? |
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Definition
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Term
| What proteins unwind DNA? |
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Definition
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