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| consists of cells that are capable of invading other tissues |
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| refers to cells that separate from malignant tumors and travel to other sites, where they establish secondary tumors |
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| process by which mutations that enhance the ability of cells to proliferate predominate in a clone of cells, allowing the clone to become increasingly rapid in growth and increasingly aggressive in proliferation properties |
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| dominant-acting gene that stimulates cell division, leading to the formation of tumors and contributing to cancer; arises from mutated copies of a normal cellular gene (proto-oncogene) |
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| gene that normally inhibits cell division; recessive mutations in such genes often contribute to cancer |
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| normal cellular gene that controls cell division; when mutated, it may become an oncogene and contribute to cancer progression |
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| at a locus having a normal allele and a mutant allele, inactivation or loss of the normal allele |
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| the appearance of a mutant phenotype in an individual cell or organism that is heterozygous for a normally recessive trait |
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| cyclin-dependent kinase (CDK) |
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| a key protein in the control of the cell cycle; combines with cyclin |
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| a key protein in the control of the cell cycle; combines with a CDK; the levels of cyclin rise and fall in the course of the cell cycle |
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| signal-transduction pathway |
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| system in which an external signal (initiated by a hormone or growth factor) triggers a cascade of intracellular reactions that ultimately produce a specific response |
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| human papilloma virus (HPV) |
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| virus associated with cervical cancer |
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| a process that affects the expression of genes; often a process that brings about genetic alterations that can be reversed, such as the methylation of DNA |
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| change from the wild type in the number of chromosomes; most often an increase or decrease of one or two chromosomes |
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| knudsonʼs two-hit hypothesis |
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| for familial cancer; Multiple mutations are required to produce cancerous cells |
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| tumor-suppressor gene, which is mutated in about 75% of all colon cancer, regulates a potent inhibitor of CDK activity |
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| a form of cancer in which the RB gene is mutated and cells pass through the G1/S checkpoint without the normal controls that prevent cell proliferation |
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| enzyme that is made up of both protein and RNA and replicated the ends (telomeres) of eukaryotic chromosomes; the RNA part of the enzyme has a template that is complementary to repeated sequences in the telomere and pairs with them, providing a template for they synthesis of additional copies of the repeats |
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