Term
| What makes it possible to maintain life on earth? |
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Definition
|
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Term
|
Definition
| Eukaryota, Archaea, Bacteria |
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|
Term
| How many microorganisms cause diseases? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the 2 groups of cells? |
|
Definition
| Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes |
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|
Term
| What are considered Prokaryotes? |
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Definition
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|
Term
| What is the main reason for the science of Microbiology? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are not considered living, doesn't belong to a cell group, and acellular? |
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Definition
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Term
| Only what kind of diseases are caused by microorganisms? |
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Definition
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|
Term
| What comes from fungi and bacteria, and effects only prokaryotes? |
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Definition
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|
Term
| What is the genetic blue print of a cell and is sued to create a structure? |
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Definition
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Term
| An entity that can not be seen with the naked eye? |
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Definition
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|
Term
| Who was the first person to see microbes under a microscope? |
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Definition
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|
Term
| Who introduced a vaccine for smallpox? |
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Definition
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Term
| Who suggested hand washing as a way to prevent contagious diseases to be transmitted by physicians? |
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Definition
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|
Term
| Who discovered the first antibiotic, penicillin? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are the top 3 causes of death in the world? |
|
Definition
| Heart disease, Stroke, and Cancer |
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|
Term
| What are the top 3 causes of death in the U.S? |
|
Definition
| Heart disease, Cancer, and Stroke |
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|
Term
| We have more control of what kind of diseases than any other? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| What 3 factors have decreased infectious diseases? |
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Definition
| Clean water, Penicillin, and Vaccinations |
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Term
| What class of microorganisms have simple morphology and lack a true membrane bound nucleus? |
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Definition
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Term
| What class of microorganisms are morphologically complex and have a true membrane bound nucleus? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the 3 domains of microorganisms? |
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Definition
| Eubacteria, Archaea, and Small Eukarya |
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|
Term
| What are the hallmarks of a cell and minimal requirements for life? |
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Definition
| 1. Cell membrane, 2. DNA as genetic material, 3. composed of same genetic material, polymers, proteins, fats, carbohydrates, and minerals, 4. Flow of nutrients/exclusion of waste is highly regulated, 5. Require supply of energy, 6. Reproduce |
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Term
| What is the science of interaction b/w atoms and molecules? |
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Definition
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Term
| Polymers are made from what? |
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Definition
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|
Term
| Molecules are made of two or more what? |
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Definition
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|
Term
| All life forms must obey that laws of what 2 things? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| Why do atoms from molecules? |
|
Definition
| To fill their outermost electron shell |
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Term
| Attractive forces that bind 2 atoms together are called what? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| What are some examples of chemical bonds? |
|
Definition
| Ionic bond, Covalent bond, and Hydrogen bond |
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|
Term
| What does hydrophobic mean? |
|
Definition
| Doesn't interact with water |
|
|
Term
| What does hydrophilic mean |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is van der Waals force? |
|
Definition
| Relates to structure, one region is negative and another region is positive |
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Term
| What are the 6 major bioelements found in the body? |
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Definition
| Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen, Nitrogen, Phosphorus, and Sulfur |
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|
Term
| Every organic molecule must contain what 2 bioelements? |
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Definition
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|
Term
| What is the making or breaking of chemical bonds and has a change in energy? |
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Definition
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|
Term
| What reaction requires energy? |
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Definition
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|
Term
| What reaction releases energy? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the 3 categories of chemical reactions? |
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Definition
| Synthesis reaction, Decomposition reaction, and Exchange reactions |
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|
Term
| What are natures coupling agency? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| What expedites the reaction without consuming it? |
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Definition
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|
Term
| What kind of molecules are the best to build polymers and create dynamic molecules suitable for life? |
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Definition
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|
Term
| An organic molecule can be what? |
|
Definition
| Acidic or basic, Polar or non-polar, and Hydrophillic or hydrophobic |
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|
Term
| What are the 4 important monomers/polymers? |
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Definition
| 1. Sugars/polysaccharides, 2. Fatty acids/lipids, 3. Nucleotide bases/nucleic acids, and 4. Amino acids/proteins |
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Term
|
Definition
| Repeating units that are identical or the same of molecules |
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|
Term
| What are some examples of monosaccraides? |
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Definition
| Glucose, fructose, galactose, and ribose |
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|
Term
| What are some examples of Polysaccrides? |
|
Definition
| Starch, glycogen, and cellulose |
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|
Term
| What are 3 functions of carbohydrates? |
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Definition
| Structural units, Energy source, and Component of cell membrane |
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|
Term
| Fatty acids/lipids contain both hydrophobic and hydrophilic group, indicated what term? |
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Definition
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|
Term
| Lipids are non-polar and what that allows cells to function as independent entities? |
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Definition
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|
Term
| Lipids are an ideal membrane structure and function is what? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What does saturated mean? |
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Definition
| Less double bonds and more hydrogen bonds |
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|
Term
| What does unsaturated mean? |
|
Definition
| More double bonds and less hydrogen bonds |
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|
Term
| What is an important component of membranes? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| In a phospholipids, where is the hydrophilic region located? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| In a phospholipids, where is the hydrophobic region located? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What do double bonds create in a phospholipid? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| Nucleotides contain what 3 components? |
|
Definition
| Nucleotide bases, Sugar, and Phosphates |
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|
Term
| What are the 3 major types of RNA? |
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Definition
| Messenger RNA, Ribosomal RNA, Transfer RNA |
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|
Term
| Ribosomes synthesis what? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the predominant organic molecule in cells? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the building blocks of proteins bound together via peptide bonds? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What contains an unspecified number of amino acids? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are some of the essential purposes of protein in the cell? |
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Definition
| Catalyze chemical reactions, regulate cellular processes, provide structural support, surface receptor, and carrier |
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|
Term
| What is the most versatile polymer? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| Protein bonding and folding depends on the sequence of their what? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the 4 protein bonding and folding structures? |
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Definition
| Primary, Secondary, Tertiary, and Quaternary |
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|
Term
| What 2 molecules are considered essence of life? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the 3 factors affecting protein shape? |
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Definition
| pH, Temperature, and Salt concentration |
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Term
| If the protein's shape is altered so severely that the protein no longer functions, the protein is considered what? |
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Definition
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|
Term
| Long waves lengths have less or more energy? |
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Definition
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|
Term
| Short wave lengths have less or more energy? |
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Definition
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|
Term
| What is the purpose of microscopes? |
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Definition
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|
Term
| What microscope uses visible light, simple to use, and least expensive? |
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Definition
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|
Term
| What microscope uses visible light with a special condenser, reflect off specimen at an angle, background is black and specimen is light? |
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Definition
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|
Term
| What microscope uses UV light? |
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Definition
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|
Term
| What microscope uses laser light and is seen as 3D? |
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Definition
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|
Term
| What electron microscope uses electron beam and adds heavy metals allowing visual of all details of the cell? |
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Definition
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|
Term
| What electron microscope uses electron beam and is used to see the surface of the cell? |
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Definition
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|
Term
| What microscope has to be used to see viruses? |
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Definition
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Term
| What staining only requires 1 dye, uncomplicated, causes all the cells to appear same color and reveals shape, size and arrangement of cells? |
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Definition
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Term
| What staining uses 2 different colored dyes, distinguishes cell type, more complex, and can see contrast? |
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Definition
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|
Term
| What staining divides into 2 group of cells by positive or negative charge? |
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Definition
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|
Term
| Dyes that stick to the specimen and gives it color is considered what charge stain? |
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Definition
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|
Term
| Dyes that do not stick to the specimen but settles some distance from its outer boundary, forming a silhouette are considered what charge stain? |
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Definition
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|
Term
| Negatively charged cells repel the negatively charged dye and remain what? |
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Definition
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|
Term
| Smear is not heat fixed so there is reduced distortion and what of the cells? |
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Definition
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|
Term
| What are the steps in a gram stain? |
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Definition
| 1. Crystal violet, 2. Iodine, 3. Decolorize with alcohol, and 4. safranin |
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|
Term
| What has insulation around themselves, can remain the environment for a long time, and can resist elements? |
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Definition
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|
Term
| What is the flagella used for? |
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Definition
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|
Term
| What allows bacteria to spread quickly? |
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Definition
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|
Term
| Differential stains can allow for what to be seen? |
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Definition
| Mycobacteria (tuberculosis) |
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|
Term
| special stains can be sued to identify what? |
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Definition
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|
Term
| Where is gene resistance to antibiotics found in bacteria that can also be shared to spread resistance? |
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Definition
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|
Term
| How do bacteria replicate? |
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Definition
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|
Term
| What shape of cell that is gram + indicates staph infection? |
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Definition
| Coccus (round) and cluster |
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|
Term
| What shape of cell that is gram + indicates strep infection? |
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Definition
| Coccus (round) and long chain |
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|
Term
| What shape of cell that is gram - indicates meningitis and gonorrhea? |
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Definition
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|
Term
| What shape of cell is gram + indicates bacillus or colostrum? |
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Definition
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|
Term
| What shape of cell is gram - indicates salmonella? |
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Definition
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|
Term
| What shape of cell indicates syphilis? |
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Definition
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|
Term
| What shape of cell indicates lime disease? |
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Definition
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|
Term
| What can only be gram - or gram +? |
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Definition
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|
Term
| Every organism must contain what 4 components in a cell? |
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Definition
| Chromosomes, Cell membrane, Cytoplasm, and Ribosomes |
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|
Term
| Teichoic acid is only found in what bacteria? |
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Definition
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|
Term
| What bacteria is less sensitive to antibiotics? |
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Definition
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|
Term
| What bacteria has a thick layer of peptidoglycan? |
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Definition
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|
Term
| What bacteria has a thin layer of peptidoglycan? |
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Definition
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|
Term
| What makes penitratino more difficult in gram - bacteria? |
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Definition
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|
Term
| What is the main structural component of both gram +/- bacterial cell wall? |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| What is the major target of some antibiotics? |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| What antibiotic was created to attack peptidoglycan? |
|
Definition
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|
Term
|
Definition
| The ability to move towards or away from stimulus (from chemotaxis) |
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|
Term
| What organelles are only found in eukaryotes? |
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Definition
| Nucleus, Rough ER, Smooth ER, Golgi complex, Mitochondria, Lysosome, and Cilium |
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|
Term
| What domain are prokaryotic microorganisms that are found in extreme environments? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| Hows is Archaea different from all the other domains? |
|
Definition
| Cell structure, Metabolism, and Genetics |
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|
Term
| What is it when the inside/outside of cell solute is the same, no movement? |
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Definition
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|
Term
| What is it when the outside dilutes the environment causing water to move in and swell the cell? |
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Definition
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|
Term
| What is it when the outside is more than the inside causing water to move out of the cell shrinking it? |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| Diffusion can be what 2 things? |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| What is the only thing that does not need control or regulation into the cell? |
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Definition
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|
Term
| What is the phenomenon of molecular movement, in which atoms or molecules move in a gradient from an area of higher density or concentration to an area of lower density or concentration? |
|
Definition
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|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the driving force of transport in a cell? |
|
Definition
| Atomic and molecular movement |
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|
Term
| What is the diffusion of water through a selectively or deferentially, permeable membrane? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| simple diffusion is limited to what? |
|
Definition
| Small non-polar molecules (oxygen, lipid) |
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|
Term
| What is the process of moving molecules into or out of cells? |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| Transport of nutrients against diffusion at a rate faster than diffusion alone, presence of specific membrane proteins, and the expenditure of energy are all features of what? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are some examples of substances transported actively? |
|
Definition
| Monosaccride, amino acids, orgain acids, phosphates, and metal ions |
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|
Term
| What pertains to all chemical reactions and physical workings of the cell? |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| What is the synthesis of cell molecules and structures that requires energy? |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| What breaks the bonds of larger molecules into smaller molecules releasing energy? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| When do you lose electrons? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| When do you gain electrons? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the beginning central pathway to metabolism? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the product of glycolysis? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the net product of glycolysis? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is an important cycle for humans and bacteria and a continuation of glycolysis? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The electron transport system is located where in prokaryotes? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The electron transport system is located where in eukaryotes? |
|
Definition
| Inner membrane of mitochondria |
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|
Term
| Every time ATP is made it is called? |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| What type of respiration produces 38 ATP, most effective, and only uses oxygen? |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| What respiration does not need oxygen and can use other inorganic molecules? |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| What has no respiration, no electron transport system, no kreb cycle, only produces 2 ATP, and uses organic molecules? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the 3 ways to make ATP? |
|
Definition
| Substrate level phosphorylation, Oxidative phosphorylation, and Photo-phosphorylation |
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|
Term
| What phosphorylation produces ATP before the electron transport system? |
|
Definition
| Substrate level phosphorylation |
|
|
Term
| What phosphorylation produces ATP after the electron transport system? |
|
Definition
| Oxidative phosphorylation |
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|
Term
| What phosphorylation produces ATP using sunlight? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| When it comes to chlorophyll, which absorbs protons from the sun, does bacteria always need it? |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| What are known as self feeders and make own food by reducing CO2? |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| What are known as other feeders and use ready made organic/ chemical molecules for food? |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| What Autotroph uses light as energy and some examples are algae and cyanobacteria? |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| What autotroph uses inorganic compounds as energy, and some examples are iron, sulfur, archaebacteria? |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| What heterotroph uses light as energy and an example is purple/green non-sulfur bacteria? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What heterotroph uses organic compounds as energy and some example is most bacteria, animals, and fungi? |
|
Definition
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|
Term
|
Definition
| Time it takes for generation to double |
|
|
Term
| What is log phase also known as? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the rate of maximum growth? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What phase is where growth slows down? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the 2 ways to get pure culture plating? |
|
Definition
| Spread plate and Streak plate |
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|
Term
| What are the 3 waster products of oxygen metabolism that can be toxic to some organisms? |
|
Definition
| Superoxide, Peroxide, and Hypocloride |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Bacteria that completely kills red blood cells |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| Bacteria that creates no destruction of red blood cells |
|
|
Term
| What is a from of communication b/w bacteria? |
|
Definition
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|
