Term
| What is FHS, where is its source, and what is the action |
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Definition
| Follicle stimulating hormone; anterior pituitary; stimulates follicle maturation, and spermatogenesis |
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Term
| What is adrenocoritcotropic; source and action? |
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Definition
| Anterior pituitary; stimulates adrenal cortex to make and secrete glucocorticoids |
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Term
| What is TSH/ source/function? |
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Definition
| Thyroid=simulating hormone; anterior pituitary, stimulates thryoid to produce thyroid hormones |
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Term
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Definition
| Anterior pituitary; stimulates milk production and secretion |
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Term
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Definition
| Anterior Pituitary; inhibit perception of pain to the brain |
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Term
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Definition
| anterior pituitary; stimulates bone and muscle growth/lipolysis |
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Term
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Definition
| Hypothalamus but stored in posterior pituitary; stimulates uterine contraction during labor; milk secretion during lactation |
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Term
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Definition
| Hypothalamus/stored in posterior pituitary: stimulates water reabsorption in the kidneys |
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Term
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Definition
| Thyroid/ stimulates metabolic activity |
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Term
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Definition
| Thryoid/ decreases blood calcium level |
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Term
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Definition
| Parathyroid hormone in parathyroid/ increases the blood Ca level |
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Term
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Definition
| Source is adrenal cortex/ increases blood glucose level and decreases protein synthesis |
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Term
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Definition
| In adrenal cortex; increases water reabsorption in the kidneys |
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Term
| Epinephrine, and norepinephrine |
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Definition
| In adrenal medulla/ increases blood glucose level and heart rate |
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Term
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Definition
| In pancreas; stimulates conversion of glycogen to glucose in liver, increases blood glucose |
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Term
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Definition
| in pancrease/ lowers blood glucose, increases glycogen stores |
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Term
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Definition
| Pancreas; supression of secretion of glucagon and insulin |
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Term
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Definition
| In testes; maintains male secondary sexual characteristics |
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Term
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Definition
| In ovary/placenta; maintains female secondary sexual characteristics |
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Term
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Definition
| Overy/placenta; promotes growth/maintenance of endometrium |
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Term
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Definition
| In Thymus; stimulates T lymphocyte development |
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Term
| What is the resting potential in terms of Na+ and K+? |
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Definition
| 3 Na+ pumped out for every 2K+ pumped in |
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Term
| What state are the gates in at rest? |
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Definition
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Term
| What state are the gates in during depolarization |
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Definition
|
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Term
| What state are the gates in, in repolarization? |
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Definition
| Na+ gates close, K+ gates open |
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Term
| What state are the gates in during hyperpolarization? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are the four stages of the menstrual cycle? |
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Definition
1) Follicular: FSH causes growth of a follicle
2) Ovulation: LH causes follicle to release egg
3) Luteal: corpus luteum forms
4) Menstruation: endometrial lining sheds |
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Term
| What do we call cells that produce an Rh factor? Do they produce an antibody? |
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Definition
| Rh+, they produce no antibody |
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Term
| What do we call cells that do not have an Rh factor? |
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Definition
| Rh-, lack antigen and produce an antibody |
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Term
| What are the components of the forebrain? |
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Definition
| Telencephalon and diencephalon |
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Term
| Name the four lobes into which the telencephalon can be divided |
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Definition
| frontal, parietal, temporal, and occipital |
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Term
| What part of the brain does the cerebral cortex belong to? What does it do? |
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Definition
| To the telencephalon. It processes and integrates sensory input and motor responses. also important for memory and creative though. |
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Term
| What portions can the diencephalon be divided into? |
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Definition
| Thalamus and hypothalamus |
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Term
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Definition
| Relay and integration center for spinal cord and cortex. |
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Term
| What does the hypothalamus do? |
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Definition
| Controls visceral functions like hunger, thirst, sex drive, water balance, BP, and temp regulations |
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Term
| What's function of midbrain? |
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Definition
| Relay center for visual and auditory impulses; important role in motor control |
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Term
| What does the hindbrain consist of? |
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Definition
| Cerebellum, pons, and medulla |
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Term
| What's the fcn of the cerebellum? |
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Definition
| Modulates motor impulses initiated by motor cortex; maitenance of balance, hand-eye coordination, rapid movements |
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Term
| What is the fcn of the pons? |
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Definition
| Acts as relay center to allow cortex to communciate w/ cerebellum. |
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Term
| What is the purpose of medulla? |
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Definition
| controls vital functions, like breathing, heart rate, gastrointestinal activity, etc. |
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Term
| What does the brainstem consist of? |
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Definition
| Midbrain, pons, and medulla |
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Term
| Describe RNA processing in a prokaryotic cell. |
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Definition
| Simple RNA processing; no splicing |
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Term
| Describe RNA processing in a eukaryotic cell |
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Definition
| Post-transcriptional RNA modifications: splicing, 5' cap, poly-A tail |
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Term
| Do prokaryotic cells have a cytoskeleton? What about centrioles? |
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Definition
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Term
| How is the mitochondria different from other membrane-bound organelles in the eukaryotic cell? |
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Definition
| They contain their own circular DNA, ribosomes, and are capable of producing some proteins. Genome and ribosomes are more similar to prokaryotes than eukaryotes. |
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Term
| The mitochondrial DNA a person has is identical to that of his or her _______. |
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Definition
| Mother; a zygote recieves all its organelles from its mother. |
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Term
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Definition
| Has no ribosomes on the outer surface and is involved in lipid synthesis and detoxification of drugs and poisons. |
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Term
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Definition
| Has ribosomes on its outer surface and is involved in protein synthesis. |
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Term
| The _____ _______ synthesizes lysosome's membrane and hydrolytic enzymes |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| They contain oxidative enzymes that catalyze reactions in which hydrogen peroxide is produced and degraded. They break down fats into small molecules and are also used in the liver to detoxify potentially harmful compounds like alcohol. |
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Term
| What is the cytoskeleton? |
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Definition
| A network of specialized proteins that provides a framework for the maintainence of cell's shape. Also involved in cell movement and movement of organelles within the cell. |
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Term
| What are the three protein filaments that make up the cytoskeleton? |
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Definition
| microfilaments, microtubules, and intermediate filaments. |
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Term
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Definition
| They consist of 2 intertwined strands of actin. They are involved in muscle contraction, along w/ myosin. |
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Term
| What are intermediate filaments? |
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Definition
| Consist of fibrous proteins coiled into thicker cables. Function in structural support of a cell. |
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Term
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Definition
| Hollow rods composed of two types of tubulin; involved in movement of organelles and chromosomes, maintenance of cell shape and cell motilitiy. |
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Term
| What type of junction forms a total barrier to transport and diffusion? |
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Definition
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Term
| What type of junctions are subject to mechanical stress? |
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Definition
| Anchoring junction (ex: desmosomes in epithelial cells in skin) |
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Term
| What type of junction provides a direct connection between the cytoplasm of one cell and cytoplasm of another cell via channels? |
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Definition
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Term
| Are viruses considered living organisms? What is a bacteriophage? |
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Definition
| No; can't carry out metabolism outisde of a host cell. Bacteriophages are viruses that infect bacteria. |
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Term
| What type of organism is fungi? |
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Definition
| Eukaryotic but lack chlorophyll; they have membrane bound organelles. |
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Term
| Plasmids replicate _______ of the bacterial chromosome. |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Cannot survive in the presence of oxygen. |
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Term
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Definition
| Can survive with or without oxygen. |
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Term
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Definition
| Require oxygen to survive. |
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Term
| A single mRNA that contains more than one coding region is ________. What types of organisms is this found in? |
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Definition
| Polycistronic; prokaryotes |
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Term
| What are the 3 ways in which prokaryotes transfer genetic material? |
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Definition
| Transformation, transduction, and conjugation |
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Term
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Definition
| DNA is taken up from the environment and integrated into the bacterial genome. |
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Term
| What happens during transduction? |
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Definition
| Bacterial genes are transferred from one bacterial cell to another by a virus. |
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Term
| What happens during conjugation? |
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Definition
| Genetic info is directly transferred from one bacterial cell to another via a temporary connection known as a conjugation bridge. |
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Term
| What happens when a DNA virus infects a host cell? |
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Definition
| viral DNA is replicated and viral mRNA is transcribed w/in the host cell's nucleus for eukaryotes and in nuclear region for prokaryotes, using the cell's own DNA polymerases, RNA polymerases, and nucleotides. Those that do this in the cytoplasm must bring their own DNA and RNA polymerases. |
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Term
| What happens when an RNA virus infects a host cell? |
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Definition
| viral RNA is replicated and transcribed in the cytoplasm. RNA replicase transcribes new RNA from the RNA template; some viruses bring their own RNA replicase w/ them into the host cell. |
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Term
| What type of virus brings RNA that is first copied into DNA which integrates into the genome of the host cell? Does this escape immune detection? |
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Definition
| Retroviruses; yes, it does since the virus integrates in the genome of the host. |
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Term
| Describe the lytic cycle for a bacteriophage? |
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Definition
| Viral DNA is translated and transcribed and new phages are made. The bacteriophage produces enzymes that digest the cell wall, so that cell bursts. |
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Term
| What is the lysogenic cycle? |
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Definition
| Viral DNA is integrated into bacterial genome in prophage form; remains dormant for one or more geneartions. Prophage can enter the lytic cycle either spontaenously or result of environmental factors. |
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Term
| What type of fungi are molds? |
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Definition
| Filamentous fungi and some are imperfect and can reproduce only asexually. |
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Term
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Definition
| A unicellular fungi that reproduce via budding. |
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Term
| What is the purpose of lacteals? |
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Definition
| Collect fats from the small intestine and transport them to circulatory system. |
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Term
| What is each alveolus coated with? What is its function? |
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Definition
| Surfactant: fluid that reduces surface tension along the alveoli and facilitates gas diffusion across the membrane. It helps alveolar collapse during exhalation. |
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Term
| After oxygen passes through surfactant, what else must is pass through before entering the capillary? |
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Definition
| Pass through alveolar and capillary membranes. |
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Term
| ___ in the alveoli flows down its partial pressure gradient from the _____ to the ______ ______ where it can bind to _____ for transport. Meanwhile, _____ flows down its partial pressure gradient from the _____ into the ______ for expansion. |
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Definition
| O2, alveoli, pulmonary capillaries, hemoglobin, CO2, capillaries, alveoli |
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Term
| Through panting, what happens to blood temperature? |
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Definition
| It lowers because the increased respitory rate maximizes the area of upper respiratory surfaces that comes into contact with air from outside. |
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Term
| The diaphragm is _____ when relaxed and is _______ when contracted. |
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Definition
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|
Term
| What are the two events that occur during inhalation? |
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Definition
Diaphragm contracts and flattens out, increaseing size of chest cavity. External intercostal muscles contract moving the rib cage up and out.
(Negative pressure breathing) |
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Term
| What happens during exhalation? |
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Definition
Diaphragm relaxes, curving upwards.
External intercostal muscles relax; size of chest cavity decreases as air is forced out of the alveoli as lungs deflate. |
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|
Term
| Is inhalation an active process? What about exhalation? |
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Definition
| Inhalation is active, while exhalation is mostly passive except for times of strenuous activity. |
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Term
| Where does RNA polymerase bind to DNA during transcription? |
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Definition
| On the promoter site at the TATA boxes. It only binds to one template strand (one strand of DNA is used at a time) |
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Term
| What are two types of base substitutions? |
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Definition
Transition (subsitution of a pyrimidien by a pyrimdine)
Transvesion: substituion of a purine by a pyramdine or vice versa. |
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Term
| What are two types of chromosomal abnormalities? |
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Definition
1) Numerical: gain or loss of complete chromosome
2) Structural: formation of abnormal chromosomes through the misrepair of chromosome breaks or a malfunction in recombination. |
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Term
| What are operons? What do they consist of? |
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Definition
| Set of prokaryotic genes that form a related or coordinated function: have 3 parts: promoter region where RNA polymerase binds to initiate transcription, operator where a repressor protein to prevent transcription, and gene cluster. |
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Term
| Why isn't mitochondrial DNA from the father passed down to the offspring? |
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Definition
| Mitochondria from the sperm by destroyed by the egg after fertilization leaving only materinal mtDNA originally found in the unfertilized egg. |
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Term
| What are the two hormones which reduce in level upon mensturation? |
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Definition
| Estrogen and progesterone |
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Term
| Would the removal of ovaries affect LH and FSH levels? |
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Definition
| No, only leaves women devoid of estrogen and progesterone. Not the gonadotropic hormones. |
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Term
| Do ectodermal cells possess positional information? |
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Definition
| No. If ectodermal cells are transferred from one region to another, they develop by induction of mesodermal cells below them. |
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Term
| T/F Mitosis and meiosis I are preceded by DNA replication, but Meiosis II is not preceded by DNA replication. |
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Definition
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|
Term
| What type of cells are involved in humoral immunity? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Remember antigen, spped up secondary response. |
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|
Term
| What are B lymphocyte plasma cells? |
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Definition
| They make and release antibodies which induce antigen phagocytosis |
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Term
| What is the difference between active and passive immunity? |
|
Definition
Active: antibodies are produced during an immune response
Passive: antibodies produced by one organism are transferred to another organism |
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Term
| What is the action of cytotoxic T cells? |
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Definition
| They destroy cells directly |
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|
Term
| What is the purpose of helper T cells? |
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Definition
| Activate B adn T cells and macrophages by secreting lymphokines. |
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|
Term
| What's the action of suppressor cells? |
|
Definition
| Type of T lymphocyte that regulates B adn T cells to decrease anti-antigen activity. |
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Term
| In the proximal convoluted tubule, what solutes are actively transported out? |
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Definition
| Sodium, amino acids, vitamins, glucose |
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|
Term
| Which components are passively diffused out of the proximal convoluted tubule? Which components actively enter it? |
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Definition
Chloride, water passively diffusion out.
Potassium, H, NH3, and urea are actively placed inside it. |
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Term
| What is removed in the descending loop of Henle? Is it by active or passive transport? |
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Definition
| Water is passively diffused out. |
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|
Term
| What is passively diffused out of the inner medulla? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| What components are removed from the ascending loop of Henle? |
|
Definition
| Sodium and chloride ions are now actively removed |
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|
Term
| How is the distal convouted similar to the proximal convoluted tubule? |
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Definition
| Potassium, hydrogen, and ammonia are actively placed in it; and water is passively diffused out. |
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