Sin = 0

Cos = 1

Sin = 0.5

Cos = 0.866

Sin = 0.707

Cos = 0.707

Sin = 0.866

Cos = 0.5

Sin = 1

Cos = 0

Sin = 0

Cos = -1

3:4:5

5:12:13

Kinematics Equations

x=V₀t + (1/2)at²

V=V_{0 +} at

V²=V₀² + 2ax

X=(1/2)(V+V₀)t

A body in motion at constatnt velocity or rest will stay that way unless a net force acts upon it.

F=ma=0

No acceleration of an object with mass, m, will occur when the vector sum of the forces results in a cancellation of the forces.

∑F=ma

To every action there is an equal and opposite reaction.

F_B=-F_A

F=Gm₁m₂

    r²

F_c = mv²

     r

Conservation of Mechanical Energy

(conservative forces)

Gravity and Electrostatic Forces

1) If net work done to move a particle in any round-trip path is zero, the force is conservative.

2) If the net work needed to move a particle between two points is the same regardless of the path taken, the force is conservative.

P = W

      Δt

When two or more objects collide in such a way that both total momentum and total kinetic energy are conserved.

½m_av_ai² + ½m_bv_bi² = ½m_av_af² + ½m_bv_bf²

Momentum is conserved and kinetic energy is lost.

½m_av_ai² + ½m_bv_bi² > ½m_av_af² + ½m_bv_bf²

The objects that collide stick together rather than bouncing off each other and moving apart.

m_av_ai + m_bv_bi = (m_a + m_b)v_f

Inclined Plane

Wedge

Axle and Wheel

Lever

Pully

Screw

Related to the average motional (kinetic) energy of the particles.

Difference in temperature determines direction of heat flow.

Rising temps cause an increase in length and falling temps cause a decrease in length.

ΔL = αLΔT

(α = coefficient of linear expansion.)

ΔU=Q-W

(Q=energy transfered through heat to the system)

(W=work done by the system)

ΔV = βVΔT

(β = 3α)

Transfer of heat by the physical motion of the heated material. 

Involves flow, only liquids and gases.

The amount of heat energy required to raise 1 kg of a

substance by 1°C or 1K.

Q = mcΔT = mc(T_f - T_i)

Q = mL

(Q=heat gained or lost)

(m=mass of substance)

(L=HEAT OF TRANSFORMATION)

Liquid to solid/solid to liquid=heat of fusion

Liquid to gas/gas to liquid=heat of vaporization

Adiabatic(no heat exchange)

(Q=0) First law becomes ΔU=-W

Closed Cycle(constant internal energy)aka:isothermal

(ΔU=0) First law becomes Q=W

Isovolumetiric(constant volume) aka:isochoric

(W=0) First law becomes ΔU=Q

First Law(ΔU=Q-W)

Measure of the spontaneous dispersal of energy at a specific temperature.

ΔS = Q

        T

The net change in the entropy of the system and it's surroundings is zero.

ρ = m

      V

1,000kg/m³

1g/cm³

P=F

    A

Pascal=Pa=N/m²

1.013x10⁵ Pa = 1 atm = 760 torr = 760mm Hg

The difference between the absolute and atmospheric pressures.

P_g = P-P_atm = (P₀ + ρgh) - P_atm

(h=depth)

For incompressible fluids, change in pressure is applied to an enclosed fluid, the pressure change will be transmitted undiminished to every portion of the fluid and to the wall of the containing vessel.

P=F₁=F₂

     A₁  A₂

F₂=F₁(A₂/A₁)

A body wholly or partially immersed in a fluid will be buoyed up by force equal to the wieight of the fluid that it disipates.

F_bouy=(V_{fluid displaced})(ρ_fluid)(g)=(V_{object submerged})(ρ_fluid)(g)

Resistance of a fluid to flow...

A measure of fluid friction.

Laminar Flow=smooth and orderly

Turbulent Flow=rough and disorderly

Critical velocity=turbulence arises once v exveeds v_c

Significant amount of energy is lost as frictional force.

THE MCAT ALWAYS ASSUMES LAMINAR FLOW

For a fluid flowing through a tube of diameter D v_c can be calculated as:

v_c=N_Rη

      ρD

(N_R=Reynolds Number)

(η=viscosity of fluid)

380nm-760nm

Shorter = violet

Longer = red

Electromagnetic Spectrum

(long waves/low energy->short waves/high energy)

Radio waves

Micro waves

Infrared waves

Visible light

UV-Raysw

X-Rays

Gamma-Rays

Index of Refraction (n)

Definition and Equation

Compares speed of light in a vacuum to to speed of light in a particular medium.

n = c/v

Indicies of refraction are always >1.

Larger n = smaller v

Indices for water and glass respectively...

water=1.3

glass=1.5

Snell's Law

What does it represent?

What is it?

Angle of refraction

n₁sinθ₁ = n₂sinθ₂