Term
|
Definition
a series of DNA nucleotides that code for the production of polypeptide or mRNA, rRNA, or tRNA
1 gene=1 polypeptide |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the entire DNA sequence of an organism |
|
|
Term
| Define central dogma of gene expression |
|
Definition
DNA is transcribed to RNA which is translated to amino acids forming a protein
DNA->RNA->Protein |
|
|
Term
| What is DNA and its nitrogenous bases? |
|
Definition
DNA is a polymer of nucleotides its as 4 nitrogenous bases:
Adenine Guanine
Cytosine Thymine |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| 2 ring structures and are called adenine and guanine |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Single ringed structures called cytosine and thymine |
|
|
Term
| How are nucleotides bound? |
|
Definition
| by a phosphodiester bond between the 3rd carbon of one deoxyribose and the 5th carbon of the other |
|
|
Term
| The binding of nucleotides create what? |
|
Definition
| the sugar-phosphate backbone of a single DNA with a 5'-3' directionality |
|
|
Term
| What type of bond is a phosphodiester bond? |
|
Definition
| a covalent bond joining 3' hydroxyl of the sugar of 1 DNA nucleotide to the 5' hyrdoxyl of the adjacent sugar |
|
|
Term
| How is the length od DNA measured? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| pairs of nucleotides joined by a hydrogen bond found in DNA & RNA |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| molecules that when joined together, make up DNA and RNA |
|
|
Term
| What are complementary strands? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| molecules that when joined together, make up DNA and RNA |
|
|
Term
| What are complementary strands: |
|
Definition
| Two strands that match in a way that when they bind together, their bases must match in the correct order to curl into double helix |
|
|
Term
| How is a double helix formed? |
|
Definition
| when 2 complementary strands bind together and curl |
|
|
Term
| What 3 parts does a nucleotide consist of? |
|
Definition
5 carbon sugar
nitrogenous base
phosphate group |
|
|
Term
| What base does adenine bair with (and its bonds)? |
|
Definition
| Thymine by 2 hydrogen bonds |
|
|
Term
| What base does guanine pair with and bonds? |
|
Definition
| ctyosine and with 3 hydrogen bonds |
|
|
Term
| What nitrogenous base replaces thymine in RNA? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What does semiconservative mean in regards to DNA replication? |
|
Definition
| when a now double strand is creted it contains 1 strand from the original DNA and 1 newly synthesized strand |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
*begins towards the middle at a site called the origin of replication
*prceeds in both direction or bilaterally from an origin
*each direction has a leading and a lagging strand
*DNA polymerase requires and RNA primer to start |
|
|
Term
| What are the 5 stages of replication? |
|
Definition
1. Helicase unzips the double helix
2. RNA polymerase builds a primer
3. DNA polymerase assembles the leading and lagging strand
4. The primers are removed
5. Okazaki fragments are joined |
|
|
Term
| What is the lagging strand? |
|
Definition
| the interrupted strand that is restarted with a new primer and is made from a series of disconnected strands called Okazaki fragments |
|
|
Term
| What is a leading strand? |
|
Definition
| the continuous new strand |
|
|
Term
| What does DNA ligase mean? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| it moves along the lagging strand and ties the okazaki fragments together to complete the polymer |
|
|
Term
| What does semidiscontinuous mean? |
|
Definition
| the process of replication where the formation of one strand is continuous and the other is fragmented |
|
|
Term
| what does the exonuclese do? |
|
Definition
| removes nucleotdies from the strand |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| repeated 6 nucleotide units from 100 to 1000 units long that project te chromosomes from being eroded through repeated rounds of replication |
|
|
Term
| Where are telemores found? |
|
Definition
| on the ends of eukaryotic chromosomal DNA |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
nucleous
mitochondrial matrix
cytosol |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the process in which all RNA is manufactured from a DNA template |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the begining of transcription where a group of proteins called initiation factors finds a promoter called initiation factors finds a promoter on a DNA strand, and assembles a transcription initiation complex with includes RNA polymerase |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a sequence of DNA nucleotides that designates a begining point for transcription (tells where to begin transcription) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a short piece of RNA that jump starts replication |
|
|
Term
| What is the elongation mode? |
|
Definition
| where RNA polymerase transcribes only one strand of DNA nucleotide sequences into a complementary RNA nucleotide sequence |
|
|
Term
| What strand is transcription? |
|
Definition
| template or (-) antisense strand |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What doe the proteins called activities and repressors do? |
|
Definition
| regulation of gene expression that occurs at the level of transcription |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the genetic unit usually consisting of the operator, promoter, and genes that contribute to single prokaryotic mRNA |
|
|
Term
| What does an operon consist of? |
|
Definition
| the operator promoter and genes |
|
|
Term
| Where does post-transcriptional processing occur? |
|
Definition
| in both eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells |
|
|
Term
| What is the primary transcript? |
|
Definition
| the inital mRNA nucleotide sequence arrived at through transcription |
|
|
Term
| In what wyas is the primary transcript processed? |
|
Definition
addition of nucleotides
deletion of nucleotides
modification of nitrogenous bases |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| serves as an attachment site in protein synthesis and as a protecion against degradation by exonucleases |
|
|
Term
| What happens to the primary transcript before leaving the nucleus? |
|
Definition
| its cleaved into introns and exons |
|
|
Term
| Where do introns and exons go? |
|
Definition
introns stay in the nucleous
exons exit the nucleus to be transcribed |
|
|
Term
| What are small nuclear ribonucleoproteins snRNPs |
|
Definition
| enzyme RNA complexes that recognize nucleotide sequences at the end of the introns |
|
|
Term
| What happens inside spliceosomes? |
|
Definition
| the introns are looped bringing the exons together to form the single mRNA strand that codes for a polypeptide |
|
|
Term
| What does it mean to denature DNA? |
|
Definition
| to melt. separating the 2 strands of the double helix |
|
|
Term
| Define retriction enzymes |
|
Definition
| to digest or cut nucleic acid only at a certain nucleotide sequence along the chain |
|
|
Term
| Define palindromic sequence |
|
Definition
| reads the same backwards and forwards ex:restriction sequence |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| genetically engineered DNA prepared by transplnting or splicing genes from one species into the cells of a host organism of a different species |
|
|
Term
| How do you make a DNA library? |
|
Definition
| take the DNA fragment use a vector to insert it into a bacterium and reproduce that bacterium like crazy |
|
|
Term
| What are the 5 steps of the cloning process? |
|
Definition
1 Plasmid (vector) and human DNA are isolated
2 Human DNA fragment is inserted into plasmid
3 Plasmid is placed into lac2 bacteria by transformation
4 Cells are closed
5 Identify clone carrying gene of interest |
|
|
Term
| What is complementary DNA cDNA? |
|
Definition
| DNA reverse transcribed from mRNA. it lacks introns that would normally be found in eukaryotic DNA |
|
|
Term
| What is polymerase chain reaction (PCR)? |
|
Definition
| a faster method of cloning DNA |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a technique used to identify target fragments to known DNA sequence in a large population of DNA |
|
|
Term
| What is the recipe for southern blot? |
|
Definition
chop up some DNA
use an electric field to spread out pieces according to site
blot it onto a membrane
add a radioactive probe made from DNA or RNA
visualize with radiographic film |
|
|
Term
| Define restriction fragment length polymorphisms (RFLP)? |
|
Definition
| identifies individuals as opposed to identifying specific genes |
|
|
Term
| When are genetic codes degenerative? |
|
Definition
| when more than one series of 3 nucleotides may code for any amino acid |
|
|
Term
| How is RNA different from DNA (3)? |
|
Definition
carbond 2 on the pentose is not deoxygenated (it has a hydroxyl group)
RNA is single stranded
RNA contains the pyrimidine |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| delivers the DNA code for amino acids to the cytosol where the proteins are manufactured |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| combines with proteins to form ribosomes or the cellular complexes that direct the synthesis of proteins |
|
|
Term
| Where is rRNA synthesized? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| collects amino acids in the cytosol, and transfers them tot he ribosomes for incorporation into a protein |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| only in the nucleus and mitochondrial matrix |
|
|
Term
| When are codes unambiguous? |
|
Definition
| when a single series of 3 nucleotides will code for only 1 amino acid |
|
|
Term
| When are codes almost universal? |
|
Definition
| When nearly every living organism uses the same code |
|
|
Term
| What do codons represent? |
|
Definition
| 3 consecutive nucleotides on a strand of mRNA, all but 3 (UAA, UGA, UGG) code for amino acids |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
UAA, UGA, UGG
they signal an end to protein synthesis |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
AUG
acts as a codon for the amino acid methionine |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a set of nucleotides complementary to the codon contained in tRNA |
|
|
Term
| What is the purpose of ribosomes? |
|
Definition
| provides the site for translation to take place |
|
|
Term
| What are the ribosomes composed of? |
|
Definition
| a small subunit and a large subunit made from rRNA and many separate proteins |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Where the tRNA that carried methionine goes so it can exit the ribosome |
|
|
Term
| What is the transcription step in elongation? |
|
Definition
| step where the ribosome shift 3 nucleotides along the mRNA toward the 3' end |
|
|
Term
| What is post translational modification? |
|
Definition
| any polypeptide alteration that occurs after synthesis of the chain |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the enzyme that oversees the synthesis of mRNA |
|
|
Term
| What are the 6 steps in polypeptide (protein) synthesis? |
|
Definition
1 begins on a free floating ribosome in the cytosol
2 signal peptide is recognized by the singal recognition particle (SRP)
3 the SRP carries the entire ribosome complex to a receptor on the ER
5. The protein grows across the membrane where it is either released into the lumen or remains partially attached to the ER
5 The signal peptide is usually removed by an enzyme
6 The protein undergoes post-translational modification |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| any alteration in the genome that is not genetic recombination |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the alteration in a sequence of DNA nucleotides in a single gene |
|
|
Term
| How does a chromosomal mutation occur? |
|
Definition
| when the structure of a chromosome is changed |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| any physical or chemical agent that increases the frequency of mutation above the frequency of spontaneous mutations |
|
|
Term
| What do point mutations do? |
|
Definition
| change a single base pair nucleotide in a double strand of DNA |
|
|
Term
| How does base pair subsitute mutations occur? |
|
Definition
| when one base pair is replaced by another type of point mutation |
|
|
Term
| Define missense mutations |
|
Definition
| a base pair mutation that occurs in the amino acid coding sequence of a gene |
|
|
Term
| How does a frameshift mutation occur? |
|
Definition
| when the deletion or insertion occu in multiples other than 3 |
|
|
Term
| How does nonsense mutations occur? |
|
Definition
| if a base pair substitution or an insertion or deletion mutation creates a stop codon |
|
|
Term
| How do chromosomal deletions occur? |
|
Definition
| when a portion of the chromosome breaks off, or when a protein of the chromosome is lost during homologous recombination and/or crossing over events |
|
|
Term
| How does duplication occur? |
|
Definition
| when a DNA fragment breaks free of one chromosome and incorporates into a homologous chromosome |
|
|
Term
| What is translocation mutation? |
|
Definition
| when a segment of DNA from one chromosome is inserted into another chromosome |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the orientation of a section of DNA is reversed on a chromosome |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| mutagens that can cause cancer |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| genes that cause cancer by mutagens like UV radiation, chemicals or mutagens |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the sections of DNA that are not in use and are wrapped tightly around globular proteins |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| 8 histones wrapped in DNA |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the entire DNA/protein complex |
|
|
Term
| Where is DNA found in animals? |
|
Definition
| only in the nucleus and mitochondria |
|
|
Term
| How many double strands of DNA are there inside the nucleus of a human somatic cell? |
|
Definition
| 46 (before and after replication) |
|
|
Term
| What are homologues chromosomes? |
|
Definition
| chromosomes that agree with the same location and each chromosome possess a partner that codes for the same traits as itself |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| any cells that contains homologues pairs (twice) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| any cell that does not contain homologues (single) |
|
|
Term
| What are the stages of the life cycle of a somatic cell? |
|
Definition
G1
S
G2
Mitosis & Meiosis
Cytokinesis |
|
|
Term
| What are the stages of interphase? |
|
Definition
G1 (1st growth phase)
S (synthesis)
G2 (2nd growth phase) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the begining stage of the life cycle |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the cell has split and begins to grow in size and producing new organelles. the period from cell formation to cell division |
|
|
Term
| What happens during the synthesis phase of the life cycle? |
|
Definition
| the cell devotes most of its energy to replicating DNA. each cell is exactly duplicated but the cell is still considered to have the same chromosomes only now they are made into 2 identical sister chromatids |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the cell prepares to divide. mitosis is triggered when the mitosis promoting fractor is high enough |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| nuclear division with genetic change and has 4 stages (PMAT): prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the 1st stage of mitosis, consisting of coiling of the chromosomes accompanied by migration of the 2 daughter centrioles toward the poles of the cell, and nuclear membrane breakdown |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| 2nd stage of mitosis; metaphase (middle) chromosomes align along the equator of the cell |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| 3rd stage; begins when sister chromatids split at their attaching centromeres and move towards the opposite ends of cells |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the actual separation of the cellular cytoplasm due to constriction of microfilaments about the center of the cell |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| complete; the nuclear membrane reforms followed by the reformation of the nucleus |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a double nuclear division which produces 4 haploid gametes or germ cells; occurs in the sex cells only |
|
|
Term
| Which phase is reduction division? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the final product of meiosis II? |
|
Definition
| haploid gametes each with 23 chromosomes |
|
|
Term
| When does nondisjunction occur? |
|
Definition
| during anaphase I or II if the centromeres of any chromosome does not split |
|
|
Term
| What are okazaki fragments? |
|
Definition
| short molecules of single stranded DNA that are formed on the lagging strand during DNA replication |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the process of protein synthesis directed by mRNA |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the process where ribosomes synthesize proteins using the mature mRNA transcript during transcription |
|
|
Term
| What are the 3 steps of translation? |
|
Definition
initiation
elongation
termination |
|
|
Term
| What is the peptidyl site? |
|
Definition
| the site on the ribosome occupied by the peptidyl-tRNA just before peptide bond formation |
|
|
