Term
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Definition
| An enzyme that creates energy for the cell to use through the synthesis of ATP during oxidative phosphorylation in the mitochondria. |
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Term
| What is the difference between substrate level phosphorylation and oxidative phosphorylation? |
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Definition
Substrate-level phosphorylation occurs during Glycolysis and the Kreb's Cycle and involves the physical addition of a free phosphate to ADP to form ATP. Occurs when high energy phosphate groups are transfered directly from phosphorylated substrates to ADP
Oxidative phosphorylation occurs along the electron transport chain and is a metabolic pathway that uses energy released by the oxidation of nutrients to produce ATP
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Term
| What is the purpose of fatty acids and amino acids in the Krebs Cycle? |
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Definition
| They can be catabolized (broken down) for energy via the Krebs Cycle |
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Term
| What does 1 FADH2 bring back? |
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Definition
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Term
| What does 1 NADH bring back? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is oxidative phosphorylation? |
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Definition
| A metabolic pathway that uses energy released by the oxidation of nutrients to produce ATP |
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Term
| What does aerobic respiration produce? |
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Definition
| About 36 net ATPs including glycolysis |
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Term
| Explain the electron transport chain |
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Definition
| carries out the final catabolic reactions that occur on the mitochondrial cristae (inner membrane); aerobic respiration |
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Term
| Explain saturation kinetics? |
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Definition
| Explains as the relative concentraion of substrate increases, the rate of reaction also increases, but to a lesser degree until Vmax is achieved |
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Term
| What is enzyme specificity? |
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Definition
| Refers to enzymes working to specific substrates |
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Term
| What are the 5 major functions of lipids? |
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Definition
1. Phospholipids serve as a structural component of membranes.
2. Triglycerides store metabolic energy
3. Providing thermal insulation and padding
4. Steroids regulate metabolic activities
5. Serve as local hormones. |
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Term
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Definition
| Source of readily avaliable energy |
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Term
| Explain negative feedback |
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Definition
| Provides a shut down mechanism for a series of enzymatic reactions when that series has produced enough product |
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Term
| What are irreversible inhibitors? |
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Definition
| Agents which bind covalently to enzymes and disrupt their function |
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Term
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Definition
| The reactant on which an enzyme works |
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Term
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Definition
| a component in many second messenger systems |
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Term
| Where does the Krebs Cycle occur? |
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Definition
| in the mitochondrial matrix |
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Term
| What begins the Krebs (citric acid) cycle? |
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Definition
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Term
| What does each turn of the Krebs cycle produce? |
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Definition
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Term
| How many turns of the Krebs cycle does 1 glucose produce? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the final electron acceptor and its purpose? |
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Definition
| oxygen and is necessary for aerobic respiration |
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Term
| Define anaerobic respiration |
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Definition
| respiration where oxygen is NOT required |
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Term
| What are the 2 stages of glycolysis? |
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Definition
a 6 carbon stage to expend 2 ATPs to phosphorylate the molecule
a 3 carbon stage that synthesizes 2 ATP with each carbon molecule |
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Term
| What is the enzyme substrate complex? |
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Definition
| the enzyme bound to a substrate |
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Term
| What is glycolysis and where does the reaction occur? |
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Definition
The breakdown to glucose to pyruvic acid (an anaerobic process)
Its the 1st stage of respiration
It occurs in the cytosol of living cells (fluid portion) |
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Term
| What is the net product of glycolysis? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Sum total of the chemical reactions occuring in the body cells |
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Term
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Definition
| Breaks down a 6 carbon glucose into 2 three carbon molecules of pyruvate in aerobic and anaerobic respiration |
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Term
| Explain competitve inhibitors? How is it overcome? |
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Definition
Inhibitors that compete with the substrate by binding reversible with noncovalent bonds to the active site.
Can be overcome by increasing the concentration of substrate |
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Term
| What are noncovalent inhibitors? |
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Definition
Bind noncovalently to an enzyme at a spot other than the active site
Can change the conformation of the enzyme
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Term
| How does feedback inhibition work? |
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Definition
| Works by inhibiting enzymes activity and to prevent the build up and waste of excess nutrients |
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Term
| Explain positive feedback |
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Definition
| Occurs where the product returns to activate the enzyme |
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Term
| What is substrate level phosphorylation? |
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Definition
Occurs when high energy phosphate groups are transfered directly from phosphorylated substrates to ADP
forms ATP from ADP
the process of ATP production in the Krebs cycle |
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Term
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Definition
Recycles NADH back to NAD+
Aerobic Respiration
Includes the process of glycolysis, the reduction of pyruvate to ethanol or lactic acid, and the oxidation of the NADH back to NAD+ |
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