Term
|
Definition
| a muscle that moves a limb away from the center of the body |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| the large vesicle at the head of a sperm cell containing enzymes hat degrade the ovum cell membrane to allow fertilization |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| principle constituent of thin filament in muscle cells |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| a muscle that moves a limb toward the center of a body |
|
|
Term
| Where is epinephrine synthesized? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
AKA adrenaline
stimulates fight-or-flight response
neurotransmitter in the sympathetic nervous system |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| adrenocorticotropic hormone |
|
|
Term
| Where is ACTH secreted from? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| ACTH (adrenocorticotropic hormone) |
|
Definition
| stimulates hormone production in the adrenal cortex |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
AKA sensory neuron
picks up impulses from sensory receptors and transmits them toward CNS |
|
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Term
|
Definition
one of four embryonic membranes
contains growing embryo's waste products |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
the innermost fluid-filled embryonic membrane
forms protective sac surrounding embryos |
|
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Term
|
Definition
enzyme found in saliva and pancreatic juices
hydrolyzes starch to maltose
AKA ptyalin, diastase, or amylopsin |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| similar in function but from different evolutionary origins (e.g., whale flippers and fish fins) |
|
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Term
|
Definition
any male sex hormone
includes testosterone and dihydrotestosterone |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
antibody
binds to specific antigen in an immune response |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
antidiuretic hormone
AKA vasopressin |
|
|
Term
| ADH (antidiuretic hormone) / vasopressin |
|
Definition
| inhibits urine excretion by increasing water reabsorption in the kidneys |
|
|
Term
| Where is ADH synthesized? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
the central cavity in the gastrula stage of embryological development
lined by endoderm and ultimately gives rise to the digestive tract |
|
|
Term
| atrioventricular node (AV node) |
|
Definition
a small mass of nodal tissue that serves as an electrical bridge between the atria and the ventricles
located in the lower portion of the wall that separates the atria |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
solution of salts, pigments, and cholesterol
emulsifies large fat droplets when secreted into the small intestine via the bile duct |
|
|
Term
| where is bile produced, stored, and used? |
|
Definition
produced by liver
stored in gall bladder
secreted into small intestine |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| fluid-filled central cavity of the blastula |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| opening of the archenteron to the external environment in the gastrula stage of embryonic development |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the early embryonic stage during which the embryo is a hollow fluid-filled sphere of undifferentiated cells |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
part of the conducting system of the heart
carries impulses from the AV node to the ventricles |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
polypeptide hormone
causes deposition of calcium and phosphate in bones and thus lowers their concentration in the blood |
|
|
Term
| where is calcitonin secreted from? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
a cavity open only at one end
such as the diverticulum at the junction of the large and small intestines |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| organizes spindle apparatus during mitosis or meiosis |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
area of chromosome where sister chromatids are joined
the point of attachment to the spindle fiber during mitosis and meiosis |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
controls muscle coordination and equilibrium
part of hindbrain |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
part of forebrain
consisting of gray matter
site of higher cognitive functions in humans
neurons of the cerebral cortex initiate voluntary muscle action and constitute the final reception area for sensory impulses |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| site at which crossing over occurs between homologous chromosomes during meiosis |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| differentiated cartilage cell that synthesizes cartilage matrix |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a series of mitotic divisions of the zygote, immediately following fertilization, resulting in progressively smaller cells with increased nucleus-to-cytoplasm ratios |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| spherically shaped bacterium |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| coiled tube that comprises the auditory sensory organ of the inner ear |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
heterozygote reflects both alleles
(red and white spots) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| cells consisting of many nuclei housed within the same cytoplasm (ie. skeletal muscle) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| organic cofactor required for enzyme activity |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| nonprotein molecules required by enzymes for activity |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
temporary joining of two organisms via a pilus, through which genetic material is exchanged
done by baceria, fungi, algae, and protozoans |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| process by which unrelated organisms living in a similar environment develop analogous structures |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
the remnant of the ovarian follicle, which after ovulation continues to secrete progesterone
degeneration leads to menstruation
maintains uterine lining during pregnancy |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
outer layer of organs
(brain, adrenal glands, and kidney) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| synthesizes cAMP from ATP |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| iron-containing proteins that function in the ETC in mitochondria and in photophosphorylation in chloroplasts |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| portion of neuron that receives stimuli and conveys them toward the cell body |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| period of relaxation of cardiac muscle during which the atrioventricular valves open and the ventricles fill with blood |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| posterior forebrain containing the thalamus and hypothalamus |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| process of change whereby organisms with a common ancestor evolve dissimilar structures |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| situated towards the back of an organism |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
first segment of the small intestine
site of digestion and some absorption
contents of stomach and the pancreatic and bile ducts empty into it |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
outermost embryonic germ layer
gives rise to skin and nervous system |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
AKA motor neuron
transmits nervous impulses from spinal cord to an effector |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| an organ, muscle, or gland used by an organism to respond to a stimulus |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| in humans, the first two months after fertilization |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| ductless glands that produce or secrete hormones |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
innermost embryonic germ layer
gives rise to linings of the alimentary canal and of the digestive and respiratory organs |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| transports proteins and lipids to varies parts of the cell |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| organisms that maintain a constant internal temperature |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the coiled tube in which sperm gains motility and is stored after its production in the testes |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
red blood cell
biconcave disk-shaped cell that contains hemoglobin and has no nucleus |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| female se hormone that stimulates the development of secondary sexual characteristics and is secreted by the ovarian follicle |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the regular changes in the behavior and physiology of a female mammal throughout her fertile life |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
release their secretions into ducts
(e.g., liver, sweat glands) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| muscle used in the straightening of a limb |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| prokaryotes that can exist with or without oxygen |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| in humans from third month of pregnancy until birth |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the insoluble protein that forms the bulk of a blood clot |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a muscle used in the bending of a limb |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
a set of cells surrounding a developing or mature ovum
secretes nutrients and estrogen and atrophies into the corpus luteum after ovulation |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| follicle-stimulating hormone |
|
|
Term
| where is FSH secreted from? |
|
Definition
| anterior pituitary hormone |
|
|
Term
| follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) |
|
Definition
| stimulates spermatogenesis and the maturation of ovarian follicles |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| an area in the center of the retina containing the greatest concentration of cones, and therefore, the area of sharpest vision |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
a mass of neuron cell bodies
ganglia integrate and coordinate impulses |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
embryonic stage characterized by the presence of endoderm, ectoderm, the blastocoel, and the archenteron
the early gastrula is two layered; later a third layer, the mesoderm develops |
|
|
Term
| where is gastrin secreted from? |
|
Definition
| it is released by the pyloric mucosa of the stomach when food enters the stomach |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| stimulates the secretion of gastric juices |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| variations in the gene pool caused by chance |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the movement of alleles into and out of a population's gene pool |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the opening to the trachea |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| hormone that ncreases the concentration of blood glucose |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| alpha cells of the pancreas |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the principal storage form of glucose in animals |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| anaerobic catabolism of glucose to pyruvic acid |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| packaging and secretion of proteins and other molecules produced intracellularly |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| any region in the central nervous system that consists largely of neuron cell bodies, dendrites, and synapses |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| gene ratios and allelic frequencies remain constant through the generations in a non-evolving population |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
the structural unit of compact bone
consists of a hard, inorganic matrix surrounding a central canal |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| of or pertaining to the liver |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| structural protein found in eukaryotic chromosomes |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| structures that are similar in function and are of the same evolutionary origin |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| an increase in the number of cells in a tissue or organ |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| an increase in the size of individual cells within a given site or tissue |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| branched filaments of a fungus |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the region of the vertebrate forebrain that controls the autonomic nervous system and is the control center for hunger, thirst, body temperature, and other visceral functions. Also secretes factors that stimulate or inhibit pituitary secretions |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the terminal portion of the small intestine |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
heterozygote is mixture of the two parental phenotypes
(i.e. pink instead of red or white) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the initiation of cell differentiation in a developing embryo due to the influence of other cells |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| hormone that lowers blood glucose concentration |
|
|
Term
| where is insulin produced? |
|
Definition
| produced by the beta cells of the pancreas |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a neuron that has its cell body and nerve terminals confined to one specific area |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
includes G1, S, and G2 stages
when cell growth and DNA replication occurs |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the middle portion of the small intestine |
|
|
Term
| Krebs cycle / Citric Acid cycle / TCA cycle |
|
Definition
metabolic pathway used in cellular respiration in which acetyl-CoA combines with oxaloacetic acid to form citric acid, which then undergoes a series of reactions to yield NADH, FADH, ATP, and CO2
occurs in aerobes |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the short interval between the application of a stimulus to a muscle and the contraction of the muscle |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
white blood cell
4 main types: granulocytes, macrophages, monocytes, and lymphocytes |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| connective tissue that joins two bones |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| enzyme that specifically cleaves the bonds of lipids |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the space within a tube or a sac |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
In females, it transforms a follicle into a corpus luteum and triggers ovulation.
In males, it stimulates testosterone secretion |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| secreted by anterior pituitary |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| type of white blood cell involved in an organism's immune response |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| organelle that stores hydrolytic enzymes |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a phagocytic white blood cell |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
the internal section of an organ
(e.g., the adrenal glands and the kidney)
also the medulla oblongata of the mammalian hindbrain |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
the part of the brainstem closest to the spinal cord
controls functions such as breathing and heartbeat |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| alleles segregate during meiosis |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| alleles of unlinked genes independently assort during meiosis |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
the three membranes that envelop the brain and spinal cord
the dura, arachnoid, and pia mater |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
the middle embryonic germ layer
it gives rise to the muscular, skeletal, urogenital, and circulatory systems |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
the anterior portion of the hindbrain of vertebras
includes cerebellum and the pons |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
a small, hollow tube composed of two types of protein subunits
serves numerous functions in the cell (e.g. comprise the internal structures of cilia and flagella) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a white blood cell that transforms into a macrophage in the presence of foreign invaders |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a solid ball of cells that results from the early stages of cleavage in an embryo |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a collection of filamentous hyphae that makes up a fungus |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| heme-containing protein that binds molecular oxygen in muscle cells |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
protein in muscle cells that functions in muscle contraction
myosin fibers are thick filaments |
|
|
Term
| NAD (nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide) |
|
Definition
| coenzyme that functions in cellular respiration |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate
an electron acceptor/donator system that functions primarily in biosynthetic processes |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| embryonic hollow tube that subsequently gives rise to the CNS |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| points on a myelinated axon that are not covered by myelin |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
hormone that stimulates fight-or-flight response
also neurotransmitter |
|
|
Term
| norepinephrine is secreted by _____ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a supportive rod running just ventral to the neural tube in lower chordates and in vertebrate embryos |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| packaging unit of DNA in eukaryotic cells consisting of DNA and histone proteins complexed together |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| segment of DNA with promoter, operator, and structural genes |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
AKA fallopian tube
generally the site of fertilization |
|
|
Term
| oxidative phosphorylation |
|
Definition
| the synthesis of ATP using the energy released from the reactions of the ETC |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the amount of oxygen needed to reconvert lactic acid to pyruvate following strenuous exercise of muscle tissue |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
gland that secretes digestive enzymes into the duodenum via a duct and synthesizes and secretes the hormones insulin, glucagon, and somatostatin
between the stomach and duodenum |
|
|
Term
| parasympathetic nervous system |
|
Definition
subdivision of the autonomic nervous system involved in rest or homeostasis
antagonistic to sympathetic nervous system |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| two pairs of glands located on the thyroid that secrete hormones that regulate calcium and phosphorus metabolism |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| form of asexual reproduction yielding progeny without fertilization |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| immunity conferred by the transfer or injection of previously formed antibodies |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| stomach enzyme that cleaves peptide bonds of proteins |
|
|
Term
| peripheral nervous system |
|
Definition
includes all neurons outside the CNS, including sensory and motor neurons
divided into somatic and autonomic |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| rhythmic waves of muscular contraction that move a substance through a tube (i.e. food through digestive tract) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| membrane lining of the abdomen and pelvis that also covers the visceral organs |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
endocrine gland that lies just below hypothalamus
many of the hormones it releases regulate other endocrine glands --> master gland |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| formed by the wall of the uterus and the chorion of the embryo, containing a network of capillaries through which exchange between maternal and fetal circulation occurs |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
derived from B-lymphocytes
have the ability to produce and secrete antibodies |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| small, enucleated, disk-shaped good cells that play an important role in blood clotting |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a small, nonfunctional haploid cell created during oogenesis |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
has more than two alleles per trait
3N, 4N, etc |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a circuit of blood in which there are two capillary beds in tandem connected by an artery or vein |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
hormone that prepares the uterine wall for implantation and maintains the thickened wall during pregnancy
secreted by corpus luteum and placenta |
|
|
Term
| progesterone is secreted by _________ |
|
Definition
| corpus luteum and placenta |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| gland in mammalian male that secretes alkaline seminal fluid |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a nonpolpeptide unit tightly bound to an enzyme that is essential for that enzyme's activity |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
double ringed nitrogenous bases
adenine and guanine |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
terminal fibers of the heart's conducting system
located in the walls of ventricles |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| valve that regulates the flow of chyme from the stomach into the small intestine |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
single-ringed nitrogenous bases
cytosine, thymine, uracil |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
loss of oxygen
-or- gain of electrons or H |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| an involuntary nervous pathway consisting of sensory neurons, interneurons, motor neurons, and effectors |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the period of time following an action potential during which the neuron is incapable of depolarization |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| proteins synthesized and secreted by the hypothalamus that stimulate the pituitary to synthesize and release its hormones |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
protein that prevents attachment of RNA polymerase to the promoter by binding to the operator in an operon
coded for by the regulator |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
the electrical potential of a neuron at rest
approximately 70 mV across the axon membrane |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| muscle cell membrane capable of propagating action potentials |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the functional contractile unit of striated muscle |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
the endoplasmic reticulum of a muscle cell
envelops myofibrils |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| gland in males that produces seminal fluid |
|
|
Term
| sinoatrial node (SA node) |
|
Definition
AKA pacemaker
group of cells in the right atrium of the heart that initiates and controls cardiac muscle contraction |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| in dividing cells, composed of microtubules, involved in separation of chromosomes |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| non-differentiated, rapidly dividing cells in the marrow of long bones that differentiate into red and white blood cells |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| four-ringed organic lipid molecules that make up many hormones and vitamins |
|
|
Term
| sympathetic nervous system |
|
Definition
| the subdivision of the autonomic nervous system that produces the "fight-or-flight" response |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the pairing of homologous chromosomes during prophase I of meiosis |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the period of chart contraction during which the ventricles contract and pump blood into the aorta and pulmonary arteries |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| anterior portion of the forebrain |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| fibrous connective tissue that connects a bone to a muscle |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
sperm-producing organ
also secretes testosterone |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| sustained muscle contraction that results form continuous stimulation |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
relay center between brainstem and cerebral cortex
located in the posterior part of the forebrain |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| lymphatic vessel that empties lymph into the bloodstream |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the lowest magnitude of stimulus strength that will induce a response |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
enzyme that participates in blood clotting
converts fibrinogen into fibrin |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
ductless gland in the upper chest region of vertebrates
functions in development of the immune system |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
vertebrate endocrine gland located in the neck
synthesizes thyroxine |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
regulates metabolic rate
produced and released by thyroid |
|
|
Term
| thyroxine is secreted from _______ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a continuous state of muscle contraction |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the transposition of genetic material from one organism to another via a virus |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| uptake and incorporation of naked DNA by a recipient bacterial cell |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| nitrogenous waste product produced in liver from ammonia and CO2 |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| membrane-bound organelle that stores water-soluble nutrients and wastes |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
the tenth cranial nerve
innervates the pharynx, larynx, heart, lungs, and abdominal viscera
maintains homeostatic activity through parasympathetic response |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| tube carrying sperm from testis to the urethra in males |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| an organ or limb that has no apparent function now but was functional at some time in the organism's evolutionary past |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| small projection from the wall of the small intestine that increases the surface area for digestion and absorption |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| portion of the CNS consisting primarily of myelinated axons |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| inactive enzyme precursor that is converted into an active enzyme |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
organic nutrient that an organism cannot produce itself and that is required by the organism in small amounts to aid in proper metabolic functioning
often serve as cofactors for enzymes |
|
|
