Term
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Definition
| The breakdown or injury of muscle tissue. Associated with high levels of creatine kinase in the blood, as well as the oxygen carrying myoglobin. |
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Term
| d. Sarcoplasmic reticulum |
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Definition
| The ER of muscle tissues. |
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Term
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Definition
| Specialized cell membranes found within muscle tissue. |
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Term
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Definition
| An external skeleton that encases an organism (e.g. arthropod). |
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Term
| Name components of the axial skeletal system (3). |
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Definition
| Skull, vertebrate (and connections) and ribcage. |
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Term
| Name components of the appendicular skeletal system (3). |
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Definition
| Arms, legs, pelvis, pectoral girdle. |
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Term
| Name the two primary components of the skeleton. |
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Definition
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Term
| What is cartilage composed of? |
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Definition
| Chondrin, produced by cells called chondrocytes. |
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Term
| Other than structurally, how does cartilage differ from skeletal material? (2) |
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Definition
| Cartilage does not have a direct flow of blood to it and does not have any nerves connecting to it. |
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Term
| The fetal skeleton is 100% composed of... |
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Definition
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Term
| How many bones in a body. |
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Definition
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Term
| Name the two types of bone. Which is stronger? |
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Definition
| Compact bone and spongy (cancellous) bone. Compact bone is stronger. |
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Term
| What is the difference between red and yellow bone marrow? |
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Definition
| Yellow bone marrow has a lot of fat and is generally inactive. Red bone marrow has stem cells that generate all other cells in the blood. |
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Term
| Describe the diaphysis and the epiphysis. How do these regions on the bone differ? |
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Definition
| The diaphysis is the long part of the bone, and it is composed of marrow and so is tougher. The epiphysis is usually the flared end at the end of the bone, often at a joint. As a result, it has spongier tissue surrounded by compact bone to allow for more impact and wear. |
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Term
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Definition
| The plate separating the diaphysis and the epiphysis. The sealing of this plate at puberty prevents children from growing more. |
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Term
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Definition
| A hard, fibrous sheath surrounding the diaphysis and allowing for the connection of muscle to the bone. |
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Term
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Definition
| A composition of collagen, glycoproteins, peptides; calcium, phosphate, and hydroxide (which form hydroxyapatite crystals), and sodium, magnesium, and potassium that are found inside the bones. |
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Term
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Definition
| A structural unit of bone matrix within the bone. Each osteon surrounds a Haversian canal, surrounded by concentric circles of bony matrix called lamellae. |
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Term
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Definition
| Part of the bone, surrounded by lamellaes of bone matrix. Contain blood vessels, nerve fibers, and lymph. |
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Term
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Definition
| Spaces between the lamellae of bone that mature bone cells (osteocytes). |
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Term
| How are lacunae nurtured by Haversian canals? |
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Definition
| They are connected by canaliculi. |
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Term
| Describe Ossification. What are the two types? |
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Definition
The hardening of a material to form bones.
In endochondral ossification, the material is cartilage and it produces long bones.
In intramembranous ossification, the material is undifferentiated embryonic (baby) connective tissue (mesenchymal tissue) |
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Term
| Bone remodeling in the body is ____ and affected by __ |
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Definition
| Constant. Age, hormones, and exercise. |
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Term
| During bone remodeling, ____ use organic and inorganic materials to ____ bone, while _____ dissolve bone and release _____. |
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Definition
| Osteoblasts, build. Osteoclasts, calcium. |
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Term
| How are movable joints different from immovable ones? Consider both structure and function and give an example of each. |
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Definition
| Movable joints, such as elbows, allow bones to shift relative to each other. MJ are strengthened by ligaments, which contain synovial capsules with synovial fluid to lubricate the movement of the bones. Articular cartilage coats the tips of the bones and prevents them from grinding during the move. Immovable ones, such as the skull, do not move relative to each other. |
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Term
| Name the three basic types of muscle. Provide a basic definition of each and one locale. |
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Definition
Cardiac muscle. Muscles pertaining to the heart.
Smooth muscle. Involuntary movement. Bowels, bladder.
Skeletal muscle. Voluntary movement. Attached to bone. |
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Term
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Definition
| Comprised of many sarcomeres. The subunit of the muscle. |
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Term
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Definition
| The fundamental contractile unit of a muscle. |
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Term
| What is the function of T- tubules in the sarcolemma? |
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Definition
| This allows for the ions to flow during an action potential. |
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Term
| What are the differences between red and white muscle fibers? |
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Definition
| Red muscle fibers have lots of myoglobin and so are red. They are also used in aerobic exercise, and will have more Mt. White muscle fibers have little myoglobin and so are white, and are more typically associated with anaerobic exercise so should have less Mt. |
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Term
| Describe the structure of a sarcomere. |
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Definition
| A sarcomere is composed of thick and thin filaments, layered overtop of each other. Thick filaments are have myosin (H band). The thin filaments (I band) have actin and toponin and tropomyosin proteins. The Z band is the exterior boundaries of the sarcomere, while the M band is in the middle. The A band composes only the thick filament and any overlap with the thin filament. |
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Term
Shorten or stay the same during muscle contraction?
H zone
Z zone
I zone
A zone
M line |
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Definition
H zone - Shorten
Z zone - Shorten
I zone - Shorten
A zone - Stays the same
M line - Stay the same |
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Term
| Discuss the generation of an action potential in the muscle in response to a stimulus, ending with the release of calcium. |
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Definition
Motor neurons will send a signal (in the form of an action potential), which reach the synapse and release a neurotransmitter (e.g. AcH). AcH binds to muscle cells and stimulates an action potential, which increases the permeability of the sarcolemma.
The action potential on the sarcolemma is transferred into the sarcoplasmic reticulum, which then releases calcium into the myofibrils. |
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Term
| What happens after calcium is released in large amounts from the sarcoplasmic reticulum (e.g. how does this stimulate muscle contractions). |
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Definition
Calcium binds troponin (thin filament), which kicks off tropomyosin from the myosin binding sites on actin (also thin filament). Myosin binds the open sites on actin and then ATP generates the stroke that allows myosin to pull itself down the length of actin, shortening the H zone.
Then the actin is dissociated from myosin and the myosin can repeat the stroke by binding ATP again. |
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Term
| When does a muscle contraction end? How does it end? |
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Definition
| When the SR receptors are not longer stimulated by the external NT signal. At this point, Ca levels fall and ATP dissociates from myosin. |
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Term
| True or false, ATP is required for both the contraction and release of myosin and actin during the power stroke. |
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Definition
| True. ATP is required for both events individually. |
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Term
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Definition
| Refers to muscles in a state of low-level contraction (e.g. our bladder). |
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Term
| What is the difference between an absolute and relative refractory period? |
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Definition
| One will not respond to any level of new stimuli, while the other requires a higher-than-normal level of stimuli to respond. |
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Term
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Definition
| Refers to the phenomenon that occurs when muscles experience multiple single twitch impulses in a small period of time. This often results in tetanus, a stronger than normal muscle fiber twitch, followed by muscle fatigue (the more severe refractory period). |
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Term
| Smooth muscle is controlled by which nervous system.... |
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Definition
| The autonomic nervous system (because smooth muscle contractions are involuntary). |
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Term
| How does smooth muscle differ from skeletal muscle? How are the two the same? |
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Definition
| Smooth muscle contain actin and myosin but they are not organized in striations like in skeletal muscle. Contractions still occur in the same mechanism though, while smooth muscle can have more longer, sustained contractions, and can do so without direction from the nervous system (myogenic activity). |
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Term
| How does cardiac muscle differ from smooth/skeletal muscle? How is it the same? |
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Definition
| Cardiac muscle contains both smooth and skeletal muscle properties. They are uninucleate like smooth muscle but striated like skeletal muscle. Some myogenic activity might occur. |
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Term
| Skeletal muscles are controlled by which nervous system? |
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Definition
| The somatic nervous system (contractions are voluntary). |
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Term
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Definition
| A form of energy storage. Can make ATP. |
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Term
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Definition
| Myoglobin is found in muscle cells and functions like hemoglobin in sequestering oxygen. This is essential for aerobic respiration. |
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Term
The function of loose connective tissue is to ____.
The function of dense connective tissue is to _____. |
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Definition
attaches epithelium to tissue, and holds organs in place.
form the tendons that attach muscle to bone, and the ligaments that hold bones together at joints. |
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Term
| Loose connective tissue examples are ___ and ___. Examples of dense connective are ____ and _____. |
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Definition
Fibroblasts and macrophages.
Tendons and ligaments. |
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Term
| What causes your muscles to work 'stronger' during an exercise (e.g. weights). |
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Definition
| Increased force is generated by muscle recruitment around the area that needs to contract. The force of any one individual fiber's contraction does not charge. |
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Term
| The ____ is the site where a muscle is attached to a stationary bone, whereas the end of the muscle attached to the bone that moves during contraction is called the _____. In limb muscles these two terms correspond to the ___ and ___ respectively. |
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Definition
Origin, insertion.
Proximal, distal. |
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Term
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Definition
| Osteoblasts that have matured and play a role in bone maintenance. |
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Term
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Definition
| Cells that produce chondrin, to make cartilage. |
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Term
| The ____ is the site of bone longitudinal growth. |
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Definition
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Term
| Where is articular cartilage found? What does it do? |
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Definition
| AC is found on the surfaces of bones that are connected to each other. They prevent the bones from directly touching each other and thus, wearing down. |
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Term
| Which types of muscle are multinucleate? Mononucleate? |
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Definition
| Cardiac muscle is mononucleate. Skeletal muscle is multi. Smooth muscle can have between 1-2 nuclei per cell. |
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Term
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Definition
| The ability of muscle to contract without nervous system stimulation. Both cardiac and smooth muscle can do this. |
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Term
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Definition
| The fibrous sheath surrounding the lone bones (diaphysis) that can connect muscle to bone. Also capable of differentiating into osteoblasts. |
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