A series of DNA nucleotides that generally codes for the production of a single polypeptide or mRNA, rRNA or tRNA.

Eukaryotes have more than one copy of each gene, prokaryotes have only one.

Two ring structures.

Adenine and Guanine.

Three Ring Structures.

Thymine, Uracil and Cytosine.

The enzyme that builds the new DNA strand.

Cannot initiate from two nucleotides, but can only add nucleotides to an existing strand (requires an RNA primer)

Reads the DNA strand in the 3'->5' direction but creates the complimentary strand in the 5'->3' direction.

1. Helicase unzips double strand.
2. RNA Polymerase builds primer
3. DNA Polymerase assembles leading and lagging strands
4. primes are removed
5. Okazaki frags are joined

Repeated six nucleotide units from 100 to 1000 units long that protect chromosomes from being eroded through repeat rounds of replication.

Telomerases catlyze the lengthening of telomeres.

• DNA is made from deoxyribose, RNA is from ribose.
• DNA is double stranded, RNA is single
• Thymine vs. Uracil
• DNA is produced by replication, RNA by transcription.
• In animals DNA is only in the nucleus and mitochondrial matrix, RNA is also in the cytosol.
• One type of DNA vc. 3 types of RNA.

The beginning of transcription.

Transcription initiation complex formed after promoter on DNA is found by initiator factors.

RNA polymerase transcribes only one strand of the DNA nucleotide sequence into a complementary RNA nucleotide sequence.

Only the template strand is transcribed.

The ending of transcription after a termination codon has been reached.

UAG

UGA

UAA

The genetic unit that usually consists of an operator, promoter and genes that contribute to a single prokaryotic mRNA.

Genes on an operon are transcribed on one mRNA.

Genes outside the operon may code for activators and repressors.

The initial mRNA nucleotide sequence arrived at through transcription.

Processed by:

1. addition of nucleotides
2. deletion of nucleotides
3. modification of nitrogenous bases

Small nuclear ribonuclearproteins

Recognize nucleotides sequences at the ends of introns.

Genetic information that does not code for a protein.

Remain in the nucleus.

Genetic information that codes for proteins.

Spliced together and exit the nucleus to be translated to proteins.

When the hydrogen bonds connecting two strands in a double stranded DNA molecule are disrupted and the strands separate.

DNA with more CG bonds has a higher melting temperature since these molecules have 3 H bonds (vs. TA 2 H Bonds)

Cut nucleic acid at certain nucleotide sequences along the chain [at restriction sites].

Restriction sites are usually palindromic.

Polymerase Chain Reaction

A way to clone DNA exponentially.

A technique used to identify target fragments of known DNA sequence in a large population of DNA.

It identifies specific sequences of DNA by nucleic acid hybridization.

Detects a protein with antibodies.

Can detect a particular protein in a mixture of proteins.

mRNA is the template that carries the genetic code from the nucleus to the cytosol in the form of codons.

tRNA contains a set of nucleotides that is complementary to the codon, called the anticodon. tRNA sequesters the amino acid that corresponds to the anticodon.

rRNA with proteins make up the ribosome which provides the site for translation to take place.

The entire DNA/protein complex.

1/3 protein, 2/3 protein, and a small amount of RNA

Cell grows in size producing new proteins and organelles.

Heterochromatin unwinds to euchromatin.

Must reach certain size/synthesize enough protein to continue.

Devotes most of cellular energy to replication of DNA.

Chromosomes are duplicated.

Each chromosome is made of sister chromatids now.

The cell prepares to divide.

Organelles continue to duplicate.

RNA/Protein synthesized.

When MPF (Mitosis promoting factor) is high enough, mitosis begins.

After replication occurs in the S phase of interphase of the spermatogonium and oogonium.

Primary oocytes are arrested at birth until puberty where they undergo division right before ovulation to become secondary oocytes each month.