Term
| State the purines and the pyrimidines |
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Definition
| Purine: A and G. Pyrimidine: T, C, and U. |
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Term
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Definition
G1 - Cell enlarges and makes new proteins
G0 - Cell rests and doesn't make any changes
S - Synthesis step where genetic information is replicated
G2 - Quality check stage for organelles and Ct.
M - Mitosis and cytokinesis |
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Term
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Definition
Prophase- Chromosomes condense, spindles form.
Metaphase - Chromosomes align
Anaphase - Sister chromatids separate.
Telophase - New nucleus membranes form around the DNA. |
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Term
| Cell division serves what purposes in Eukaryotes and Prokaryotes? |
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Definition
| Eukaryotes do it to make more cells and replace existing ones. Prokaryotes only do it in reproduction via binary fission (asexual reproduction). |
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Term
| How does cell division differ between eukaryotes and prokaryotes? |
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Definition
| Eukaryotes must make new organelles and cytoplasm. Prokaryotes do not have organelles and so do not need to do this. |
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Term
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Definition
| The area on a chromosome that holds the sister chromatids together. |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Either a diploid or haploid structure of DNA. |
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Term
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Definition
| The longest period of time in cell division. Comprises G1, S, and G2. Here the genetic information can be seen as chromatin. |
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Term
| Germ cells versus autosomal cells |
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Definition
| Germ cells have 23 chromosomes (haploid, n). E.g. gametes (ova, sperm). Autosomal cells have 46 chromosomes (diploid, 2n). E.g. Blood, skin cells. Germ cells are produced by meiosis, autosomal ones by mitosis. |
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Term
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Definition
| Organelles that are outside the nucleus in the centrosome region. Assist in the correct cleavage of chromosomes during mitosis. |
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Term
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Definition
| A subcellular location where centrioles are found. |
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Term
| Centriole activity during prophase |
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Definition
| Centrioles migrate to opposite poles of the cell and form spindle fibers (microtubules). These assist as anchors for anaphase. |
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Term
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Definition
| The anchoring point between the DNA and the poles of the cell. Connected by spindle fibers. |
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Term
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Definition
| Fibers that assist the microtubules in the spindle fiber for anaphase. |
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Term
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Definition
| The area in the cell equidistant to the two poles at which the chromosomes align. |
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Term
| Cells that never undergo division (2). |
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Definition
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Term
| How many divisions must a human somatic cell undergo before apoptosis? |
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Definition
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Term
| Four types of asexual reproduction |
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Definition
| Budding, binary fission, pathenogenesis, and regeneration. |
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Term
| Why is asexual reproduction less favored than sexual reproduction? |
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Definition
| Asexual reproduction does not allow for genetic variability, which is the basis of which evolution acts upon. |
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Term
| Binary fission (describe, example organism) |
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Definition
| Genetic information replicates, cell grows, invagination and splitting occurs, followed by reformation of the membrane. E.g. Bacteria. |
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Term
| Budding (describe, example organism). |
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Definition
| Equal replication, unequal cytokinesis (less cytoplasm). E.g. Hydra and yeast. |
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Term
| Regeneration (describe, sample organism). |
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Definition
| Mitosis at the site of loss. E.g. lizards, sea stars. Note: Humans can't do this because some cells do not do mitosis. |
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Term
| Pathenogenesis (describe, organism) |
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Definition
| An adult organism develops from an unfertilized egg. E.g. bees, ants, lizards. |
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Term
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Definition
| Describes the process of sexual reproduction by the combining of genetic information from gametes (sex cells) that are haploid. |
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Term
| Differences between meiosis and mitosis (result, example) |
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Definition
| Mitosis produces two identical 2n cells. Meiosis produces four, unique n cells. Somatic cells undergo mitosis. Gametocytes undergo meiosis. |
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Term
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Definition
| Prophase I, metaphase I, anaphase I, telophase I, metaphase II, anaphase II, telophase II. |
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Term
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Definition
| The first part of meiosis comprising the separation of homologous chromosomes. |
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Term
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Definition
| The second part of meiosis comprising the separation of the sister chromatids from the homologous chromosomes. |
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Term
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Definition
| A fundamental difference between mitosis and meiosis. Occurs during prophase I of meiosis where homologous chromosomes (that have already duplicated in interphase) come together and cross over. |
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Term
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Definition
| An anatomical point during synapsis where the two chromosomes have crossed over each other when in the tetrad formation. |
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Term
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Definition
| Occurs during anaphase I in meiosis, where the tetrads are separated and each chromosome segregates randomly into two intermediate daughter cells. |
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Term
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Definition
| Follows telophase I in meiosis. A short rest period where the chromosomes might partially uncoil. |
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Term
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Definition
| The failure of homologous chromosomes or sister chromatids to separate during Anaphase I and Anaphase II, respectively. Can result in an individual with more or fewer sets of chromosomes, resulting in disorders such as downs syndome. |
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Term
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Definition
Seminiferous tubules
Epididymis
Vas deferens
Ejaculatory duct
(nothing)
Urethra
Penis |
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Term
| Testes (location, function) |
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Definition
| Found in the scrotum (below penis, kept cooler). Make seminiferous tubules and interstitial cells, which make sperm. |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| Interstitial (Leydig) cells |
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Definition
| Produce sex hormones such as andogen and testosterone. |
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Term
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Definition
| Comprised of sperm and seminal fluid. |
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Term
| Seminal fluid (components, location of components). |
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Definition
| Comprised of seminal fluid produced by seminal vesicles (fructose), prostate gland (alkaline pH), and bulbourethral gland. |
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Term
| Spermatogonia (definition, location) |
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Definition
| Diploid stem cells for sperm. Located in the seminiferous tubules. |
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Term
| Describe the process of spermatogonia to sperm in the context of ploidy. |
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Definition
Spermatongia are 2n
Meiosis I converts to n spermatocytes
Meiosis II convets to n spermatids, which mature to spermatozoa. |
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Term
| Describe the structure of a spermatozoa. |
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Definition
| It has a head (where the DNA is), and a midpiece which provides motility, and a tail for motility. The head is covered with an acrosome, which is made from material for the golgi apparatus and allows it to penetrate the female ovum. |
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Term
| Gonads differentiate to ? in males and ? in females. |
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Definition
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Term
| In females, sex hormones _ and _ are produced by ?. In males, sex hormones _ and _ are produced by ?. |
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Definition
Estrogen, progesterone. Ovaries.
Androgens, testosterone. Interstitial cells (Leydig cells) |
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Term
In female cells, immature ova are nourished by _.
In males, immature sperm are nourished by _. |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| Males have an _ reproductive tract. Females have _ reproductive tracts. |
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Definition
Internal and external. (shared with urinary).
Internal. (unshared with urinary). |
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Term
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Definition
| Where mature eggs are deposited in the female reproductive tract. Leads to the fallopian tube (oviduct) and ultimately, the cervix and uterine lining. |
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Term
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Definition
| Primary oocytes (2n, from birth) are released once per month and differentiate into secondary oocytes (one oocyte, one polar body). The secondary oocyte is frozen in metaphase II unless fertilization occurs. Then another polar body and ovum are produced (n). |
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Term
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Definition
| A layer surrounding an oocyte or ovum (with the corona radiata). |
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Term
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Definition
| A layer surrounding an oocyte and ovum (with the zona pellucida). |
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Term
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Definition
| Around 45-55. Results from no more oocytes being released in response to FSH/LH. This allows these levels to rise rapidly because progestrone and estrogen are no longer produced. |
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Term
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Definition
| Occurs most often in the fallopian tubes. |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| A tubelike structure that allows the sperm nucleus to enter the ovum. |
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Term
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Definition
| The rapid production of calcium that forms a fertilization membrane, preventing fertilization from occurring twice. |
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Term
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Definition
| Identical twins produced from the division of the ovum during fertilization. These twins are genetically identical. |
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Term
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Definition
| Fraternal twins are produced by two separate ovum being released and fertilized. Not genetically identical. |
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Term
| * Describe the terminology of the progression of sperm (from production to maturation). |
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Definition
| Spermatogonia -> Primary spermatocytes -> 2 haploid secondary spermatocytes -> Immature spermatids -> Spermatozoa. |
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Term
| *Describe the life cycle of a female egg cell with respect to ploidy. |
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Definition
| From birth to just before ovulation, the egg is in prophase of meiosis I as primary oocytes. At ovulation the egg cell is a haploid cell completed meiosis I (secondary oocyte). At fertilization the egg cell completes meiosis II and is a mature ovum. By complete penetration the egg is an ovum. |
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Term
| * At what point in meiosis does the spindle apparatus attach to kinetochore fibers? |
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Definition
| During metaphase. This happens to correctly align the chromosomes on the equatorial plate. |
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Term
| * What is the first location of the egg upon ovulation? |
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Definition
| The egg is released into the abdominal cavity where it is then moved into the fallopian tubes. There is passes to the uterus. |
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Term
| * When does the cell stop being diploid in the meiotic cycle? |
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Definition
| Telophase I. Everything past that point is haploid. |
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