1. Peptide
2. Steroid
3. Tyrosine derivatives

1. RER (preprohormone)
2. ER lumen-cleavage (prohormone)
3. Transported to Golgi
4. Cleavage & further modification
5. Packaged into secretory vesicle

What hormones are secreted by the anterior pituitary?

1. hGH
2. ACTH
3. TSH
4. FSH
5. LH
6. Prolactin

1. Human growth hormone
2. Peptide
3. Stimulates growth in almost all cells

1. Adrenocorticotropin
2. Peptide
3. Stimulates the adrenal cortex to release glucocorticoids (stress hormones) via secondary messenger system (cAMP)

1. Thyroid-stimulating hormone
2. Peptide
3. Stimulates thyroid to release T3 & T4 via secondary messenger system (cAMP)
4. T3 & T4-exert negative feedback on TSH release

Prolactin

1. Peptide
2. Promotes lactation

1. ADH (vasopressin)
2. Oxytocin

1. Cortisol
2. Aldosterone

1. Steroid (mineral corticoid)
2. Collecting duct-increase Na/Cl reabsorption & K/H secretion
3. Increases blood pressure (indirect)

1. Steroid (glucocorticoid)
2. Stimulates gluconeogenesis in the liver (glucose & glycogen synthesis from amino acids, glycerol, and/or lactic acid)
3. Increases blood sugar

1. Epinephrine
2. Norepinephrine

1. Tyrosine derivatives
2. Increase basal metabolic rate

1. Peptide
2. Decreases osteoclast activity and number
3. Slightly decreases blood calcium

1. Peptide-produced by β-cells
2. Net effect-decrease blood glucose
3. Uptake of carbs (glycogen in liver and muscles)
4. Uptake of fatty acids (adipose tissue)
5. Uptake of amino acids (protein in all cells)

Glucagon

1. Peptide-released by α-cells
2. Net effect-raise blood glucose
3. Stimulates glycogenolysis and gluconeogenesis in liver

1. Parathyroid hormone
2. Peptide
3. Increases blood calcium
4. Increases osteocyte absorption of calcium and phosphate from bone
5. Stimulates osteoclast proliferation

Seminiferous tubules

1. Stimulated by LH
2. Release testosterone

1. Stimulated by FSH
2. Surround & nurture spermatocytes and spermatids

1. Spermatogonia (2n)
2. Onset of puberty & meiosis I-primary spermatocyte
3. Meiosis II-secondary spermatocyte
4. Spermatid
5. Spermatozoa

1. Epididymus-maturation
2. Vas deferens
3. Urethra
4. Ejaculation

1. At birth-primary oocytes
2. Puberty-FSH stimulates growth of granulosa cells around the primary oocyte
3. Primary follicle-cells secrete zona pellucida around egg
4. Secondary follicle-theca cells grow around follicle
   1. LH-stimulates theca cells to secrete androgen
   2. Estradiol-converted by granulosa cells & secreted into blood
5. Luteal surge-hi estradiol increases LH
6. Ovulation-secondary oocyte released and swept into Fallopian tube
7. Corpus luteum-follicle remains that secrete estradiol and progesterone
8. Corpus albicans-degradation within two weeks w/o pregnancy

1. Sperm entry
2. Oocyte-undergoes second meiotic division to become ovum
3. Fertilization-fusion of sperm nuclei with ovum to form zygote 
4. Cleavage-morula formation (8 totipotent cells)
5. Blastocyst formation
6. Implantation into uterus

1. Human chorionic gonadotropin
2. Prevents degeneration of the corpus luteum
3. Maintains estrogen and progesterone secretions

1. Determination-cellular commitment to a specialized developmental path
2. Differentiation-cellular specialization that occurs at the end of development

1. Formation by gastrulation
2. Germ layers
   1. Ectoderm-outer coverings of the body; nervous system; sense organs
   2. Endoderm-lining of the digestive tract & much of liver and pancrease
   3. Mesoderm-everything in-between (e.g. muscle, bone)

1. Formed by neurulation
2. Neural plate formation-notochord-induced (mesoderm)