Term
| Which of the following distinguishes the field of microbiology from other fields of biology? |
|
Definition
| both the size of the organism studied and the techniques employed in the study of organisms |
|
|
Term
| Which of the following developed a set of criteria that could be used to establish a causative link between a particular microorganism and a particular disease? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Who of the following provided the evidence needed to discredit the concept of spontaneous generation? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The concept of germ theory of disease and resulting postulates derived in the 19th century was indeed a landmark. Now in the 21st century, we can envision some problems with these postulates. The scientist who came up with the postulates was lucky because: |
|
Definition
| he worked with microorganism that was the sole cause of the disease. The microbe was readily culturable in the laboratory. |
|
|
Term
| All postulates cannot be fulfilled in 2012 because |
|
Definition
| some infection may be caused by noncultarable microbes, some infections may be caused by more than one microbe, ethical issues. |
|
|
Term
| Who is credited for developing the first microscope and documenting the first microbes? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Who first demonstrated pasteurization |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Proteins that are secreted through the cytoplasmic membrane and out of the cell can serve in |
|
Definition
| nutrient acquisition, pathogenesis, environmental sensing |
|
|
Term
| Components of bacterial cytoplasmic membranes that play a similar role to that of cholestrol are |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| These molecules, similar to cholestrol, are important because |
|
Definition
| they impart rigidity to the cell wall |
|
|
Term
| Primary selective permeability of the cytoplasmic membrane is due to the presence of |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Penicillin inhibits peptidoglycan synthesis. The antibiotic has a molecular weight of less than 600Da. Based on this information |
|
Definition
| the antibiotic would have access to both gram + and gram - peptidoglycan. |
|
|
Term
| Peptidoglycan is an envelope structure of bacteria. Its primary roles are |
|
Definition
| cell structure, cell shape, and protection from lysis due to tugor pressure. |
|
|
Term
| Crosslinks in peptidoglycan provide structural support and are usually made up of |
|
Definition
| D and L forms of certain amino acids as well as diamimopimelic acid |
|
|
Term
| Teichoic acids are found only in gram ____ bacterial cell walls and one function is to provide a ___ to the cell surface. |
|
Definition
| positive, negative charge. |
|
|
Term
| The functional counterpart in Gram negative bacteria of teichoic acid of Gram positive bacteria is |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| A bacterium exposed to strong radiation was mutagenized and was unable to maufacture the O antigen. This bacterial mutant would |
|
Definition
| be more susceptile to many antibiotics than its parents. Be unable to elaborate the core polysaccharide on its surface. |
|
|
Term
| Functions that can be described in general to the cytoplasmic membrane of bacteria are |
|
Definition
| respiration nutrition, photosynthesis, environmental signaling, chromosome segration |
|
|
Term
| The bacterial cell is under great tugor pressure because |
|
Definition
| of the presence of ribosomes, enzymes, nucleic acids other molecules in the cytoplasm |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The outer leaflet of the outer membrane of bacteria is structurally identical to the outer leaflet of the inner, cytoplasmic membrane. T/F |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The LPS of bacteria is made up of |
|
Definition
| Lipid A, core polysaccharide and O antigen |
|
|
Term
| The periplasm of bacteria is vital to the cell; periplasmic proteins play a role in |
|
Definition
| only 2 of the above are correct. |
|
|
Term
| Gram negative bacteria break down large polymers such as pectin into monomers or dimers whose molecular size is often less than 600DA before metabolizing them intracellularly. This is important because: |
|
Definition
| porin proteins have a size limit for diffusion of molecules through them |
|
|
Term
| The driving force in facilitated diffusion is: |
|
Definition
| ATP, Osmotic shock, proton gradient, concentration gradient |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| is proton-gradient driven |
|
|
Term
| Osmotic shock sensitive transport suggests that |
|
Definition
| components of the transport system reside in the PERIPLASM. |
|
|
Term
| Proteins providing selective permeability in nutrient transport reside in the |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| amino acid uptake is often osmotic shock sensitive. This suggests that the transport system is dependent on |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Name of microbe ecological role? |
|
Definition
| Spiroplasm eriocheiris.Mortality of chinese mitten crabs. |
|
|
Term
| A bacterium that derives its energy from a chemical source and uses carbon dioxide as a sole carbon source is called an |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| escherichia coli is able to grow well in a culture medium composed of nothing more than glucose and a few simple inorganic salts. What can you conclude about nutritional requirements? |
|
Definition
| Able to synthesize all of its cell components from the nutrients provided in the culture medium |
|
|
Term
| Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans oxidizes ferrous sulfate to ferric sulfate under conditions of extremely low PH. What practical application is this microbial process used for? |
|
Definition
| Extraction of valuable metals from low grade ores. |
|
|
Term
| What is the change in concentration of protons when going to ph 7 to ph 4? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| You have just isolated a novel bacterium from an anaerobic environment. In terms of its relationship to oxygen what type of microoorganism would this be? |
|
Definition
| Strict anaerobe or aerotolerant anaerobe - Further testing required. |
|
|
Term
| What element was mentioned in lecture that poisons cellular metabolism by directly antagonizing the biological activities of phosphorus? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| A thermophilic bacterium that can grow in volcanic hot springs at 100C is likely to have evolved several molecular adaptations to survive in this extremely high temperature environment, including |
|
Definition
| proteins that internally contain a high number of ionic and hydrogen bonds. |
|
|
Term
| Two scientists who are credited with discovering the first virus that could cause disease and animals are |
|
Definition
| Friedrich Loeffler and Paul Frosch (foot in mouth) |
|
|
Term
| Which of the following statements accurately describes the viral plaques? |
|
Definition
| Each plaque is presumed to arise from a single lytic virus particle |
|
|
Term
| Virus was originally a rather vague term used to describe any infectious agent that caused disease. Improvements in what technology led to our modern, more precise definition of a virus? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Current evidence strongly supports the idea that prions cause neurodegenerative diseases because they |
|
Definition
| induce abnormal protein folding |
|
|
Term
| HIV is one membrane of a class of viruses called retroviruses. During infection, they copy their RNA genomes into double stranded DNA, which is then integraed into the host cell genome. The viral DNA copy is synthesized by an unusual enzyme called |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The first experimental evidece that genes are composed of DNA rather than protein was published by |
|
Definition
| Oswald Avery, Colin Macleod, Maclyn McCarty |
|
|
Term
| The primer in DNA replication is |
|
Definition
| an RNA starter sequence with a free 3-OH group |
|
|
Term
| The enzyme that covalently joins two gradments of DNA by catalyzing formation of a phosphodiester bond between their ends during DNA replication is called |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| When the chromosome replicates, how is the newly made strand related to its template strand |
|
Definition
| The two strands have complementary sequences and are antiparellel to each other. |
|
|
Term
| A segment of DNA has the following base sequence G-T-C-A. If this DNA is used as a template for transcription, what is the corresponding base sequence of the messengar RNA molecule? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| In cellular organisms, a gene is defined as |
|
Definition
| a complete sequence of DNA that specifies a functional polypeptide or RNA product |
|
|
Term
| The basic role of transfer RNA in translation is to |
|
Definition
| deliver the appropriate amino acids to ribosome |
|
|
Term
| How is the fidelity of the genetic code maintained during translation? |
|
Definition
| Each codon in messenger RNA pairs with a complementary triplet of bases (the anticodon) in transfer RNA. |
|
|
Term
| NAD is an important molecule in the overall metabolism of cells because it acts as an |
|
Definition
| intracellular hydrogen atom carrier molecule |
|
|
Term
| This type of metabolism in which the final hydrogen electron acceptor used by the cell is always generated by the cells endogenous metabolism is called |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| A bacterium produces the following fermentation end products from glucose: ####. Pattern of bacterium is best described as |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The proton gradient respresents a form of stored energy because |
|
Definition
| chemical concentration of protons differ accross cell membrane, combined electrical charge of the protons differ across cell membrane (2) |
|
|
Term
| By definition, what distinguishes cytochromes from most other proteins |
|
Definition
| Cytochromes contain iron within a heme complex. |
|
|
Term
| If a bacterium gives a positive Vogues-Proskauer test result, what does this imply about its metabolism? |
|
Definition
| It carries out a butanediol fermentation |
|
|
Term
| In lactic acid fermentation, what is the metabolic purpose of converting pyruvic acid to lactic acid? |
|
Definition
| NADH oxidation and final disposal of excess hydrogen atoms |
|
|
Term
| Each molecule of oxidized NAD can accept |
|
Definition
| two electrons and one proton |
|
|
Term
| For each molecule of glucose broken down to pyruvic cid by the embden-meyerhof enzyme pathway, what is the net gain of ATP by substrate level phosphorylation |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What would most likely determine whether Escherichia coli metabolizes glucose by fermentation by aerobic respiration? |
|
Definition
| the availability of molecular oxygen as a final hydrogen electron acceptor |
|
|
Term
| As discussed in lecture, what might the outcome of a base pair substitution mutation in the middle of a coding sequence for a gene? |
|
Definition
| A different amino acid might be incorporated into the polypeptide |
|
|
Term
| The proton gradient stores energy across the cell membrane, whereas high energy carrier molecules such as atp store energy in the cytoplasm. The cell is able to interconvert these two different forms of stored energy via |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A transcription start signal |
|
|
Term
| One general characteristic of all gene transfer processes in bacteria is |
|
Definition
| genes are unidirectionally transferred from the donor cell to the recipient cell |
|
|
Term
| The gene transfer process in bacteria known as transformation |
|
Definition
| involves the uptake of donor DNA that is in solution |
|
|
Term
| In bacterial cell designated Hfr, the F plasmid is |
|
Definition
| inserted into the bacterial chromosome |
|
|
Term
| A particular gene is transfered from a donor cell to a recipient cell resultin in a detectable change in the recipient cells phenotype. When the donor cells are completely removed from the culture medium by filtration prior to adding the recipient cells, gene transfer still occurs at the same rate when donor cells are present. what process of gene transfer is taking place? |
|
Definition
| it could be either transformation or transduction, depending on how small the size of the filter is. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the reassortment of nucleotide sequences between DNA molecules |
|
|
Term
| A certain polypeptide is 300 amino acids in length. The 900 base pair DNA segment that encodes the complete polypeptide is isolated, cloned, and then introduced into escherichia coli for protein expression but the polypeptide is not synthesized. What is an obvious problem? |
|
Definition
| The DNA segment does not include the promoter to start transcription. |
|
|
Term
| Two closely related bacterial strains belong to the same species. If one is completely harmless and the other is a pathogen, which of the following is most likely to be true about the pathogen? |
|
Definition
| The size of its genome is much smaller than that of the harmless strain |
|
|
Term
| The underlying genetic information that an organism possesses is called its |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Donor bacteria utilize this structure to make the initial cell to cell contact with recipient bacteria required for transfer of genetic material in some cases |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Escherchia coli ferments the sugar lactose. You test a strain of E. Coli in the laboratory and discover that it does not ferment lactose. All of the following are possible explanations for this result except |
|
Definition
| the strain carries a mutation in the lactose operon that eliminates the activity of B galactosidase |
|
|
Term
| If a change in the base pair sequence of DNA molecule occurs in a noncoding region of DNA between two unrelated genes, is it a mutation? |
|
Definition
| It may or may not be a mutation depending on what type of change in the sequence occurs |
|
|
Term
| From your reading in the textbook, what is a unique characteristic of the bdellovibrios? |
|
Definition
| They form nitrogen fixing symbiotic associations with leguminous plants |
|
|
Term
| In general, plasmids are likely to encode any of the following functions except |
|
Definition
| novel metabolic capabilities |
|
|
Term
| What accounts for the observation that purple and green bacteria inhabit a deeper layer of water than cyanobacteria do in a meromictic stratified lake? |
|
Definition
| The light harvesting pigments of purple and green bacteria absorb blue green light which penetrates more deeply into the water than orange red light. |
|
|
Term
| What is an unusual characteristic of some spirilla that was mentioned in lecture? |
|
Definition
| some spirilla are magnetotactic |
|
|
Term
| The spirochete that causes syphilis is named |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| From your reading in the textbook, rickettsias and chlamdias are not closely related by nevertheless share the common characteristic of being |
|
Definition
| obligate intracellular parasites |
|
|
Term
| Which of the following processes is carried out by the cyanobacteria |
|
Definition
| The production of oxygen during photosynthesis |
|
|
Term
| If you go to the zoo and see a green polar bear, what is the most reasonable conclusion to draw |
|
Definition
| Cyanobacteria have colonized the inside of hollow hairs in the bears fur. |
|
|
Term
| What basic problem do all nitrogen fixing bacteria have to solve? |
|
Definition
| how to protect nitrogenase from inactivation by O2 |
|
|
Term
| Members of the genus Nitrobacter catalyze the following reaction as an essential part of their |
|
Definition
| oxidation of nitrite to nitrate |
|
|
Term
| Spirochetes display a corckscrew-like motion through the water because they have |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Some bacteria belonging to the family vibrionaceae are found in the ocean and can form mutualistic associations what marine animals because they |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| In the bacterial sugar PTS the sugar is phosphorylated during transport. The source of phosphate to the enzymes of the transport system is |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Membrane assiciated enzymes II C of the PTS are unique in that |
|
Definition
| They exhibit sugar specificity and phosphorylate the sugar |
|
|
Term
| In the osmotically sensitive maltose transport system, the MalB protein |
|
Definition
| Resides in the outer membrane, is required for the movement of maltodextrins across the OM, may be used as the lambda phage receptor, ALL THE ABOVE CORECT |
|
|
Term
| Catabolic reactions are important because |
|
Definition
| They provide key precursor metabolites to the cell |
|
|
Term
| Anabolic reactions are dependent on catabolic reactions because |
|
Definition
| reducing power, energy, and precursor metabolites |
|
|
Term
| Identify the combination of molecules below that does NOT cotain a key precursor metabolite |
|
Definition
| Glycerly, NAcytl muramic acid, malic acid |
|
|
Term
| Certain photosynthetic bacteria and plants |
|
Definition
| can convert atmospheric carbon dioxide to sugars |
|
|
Term
| In oxygenic photosynthesis |
|
Definition
| Oxygen is generate as a by product |
|
|
Term
| Photosynthetic bacteria are amazing and life on earth ultimately depends on them. This is true because they |
|
Definition
| produce fixed carbon that may be consumed by heterotrophs, some may generate oxygen for living creatures, they do not required reduced carbon in the environment to grow, ALL THE ABOVE |
|
|
Term
| The light independent reactions of photosynthesis are important because they |
|
Definition
| provide a mechanism for the formation of many precursor metabolites outside of the tradition pathways |
|
|
Term
| In photosynthetic bacteria, reducing power for carbon fixation is generated from |
|
Definition
| the photosynthetic electron transport chain |
|
|
Term
| Precursor metabolites are important because |
|
Definition
| they utimately serve as the substrates for the synthesis of amino acids, purines and vitamins |
|
|
Term
| Ribulose 1,5 bis phosphate is the acceptor molecule for carbon dioxide in the first calvin cycle reaction. the enyme that catalyzes this reaction is arguably the most abundant enzyme on the planet ribulose 1,5bis phosphate carboylase. The product of this enzyme's activity yeilds |
|
Definition
| 3 molecules of 3 phosphoglycerate |
|
|
Term
| Identify the group below that is solely made up of photosynthetic bacteria |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Protozoa can form various types of symbiotic associations that benefit their hosts. For example, they have been found to be essential for |
|
Definition
| digestion of plant material by ruminant animals |
|
|
Term
| If you wish to collect algae, which natural environment would be the most likely place to look for them? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The algal partner in a lichen provides the fungus primarily with |
|
Definition
| carbon from photosynthesis |
|
|
Term
| Some partasitic protozoa can enter a dormant stage that is resistant to adverse environmental conditions, thereby improving their survival during transmission from one host to anoter. This resting stage is called an |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Harmful enrichment of a lake, stream, or river by an influx of nutrients from the surrounding watershed, resulting in the excessive growth of algae, is called |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What do the protozoa trypanosoma brucei, trypanosoma cruzi, plasmodium falciparum have in common? |
|
Definition
| All cause disease in humans that are transmitted by insect vector |
|
|
Term
| Which two organisms are involved in the transmission of Chagas disease in humans |
|
Definition
| a triatomic kissing bug and trypanosoma cruzi |
|
|
Term
| Eukaryotic microorganisms with a unicellular level of organization (protozoa and most algae) are collectively referred to as protists. The current classifaction scheme for these organisms is based upon a small subunut SSU rRNA gene sequences and divides them into several so called super groups. The major advantage of this classification is that each super group is |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| When a fungal filament has a contiuous, multinucleate cytoplasm (not divided into individual cells) is called |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What type of sexual spore is produced by fungi belonging to Deuteromyocota |
|
Definition
| fungi belonging to the deuteromycota do not produce any type of sexual spore |
|
|
Term
| What do all basidiomycetes have in common |
|
Definition
| They produce sexual spores on the surface of a club shaped reproductive structure |
|
|
Term
| Which of the following statements concerning the formation of zygospore is correct? |
|
Definition
| Two individual fungal strains of opposite mating types must fuse to form a zygospore. |
|
|
Term
| A mold belonging to the genus Absidia forms sporangiospores. Therefor, it belongs to the genus |
|
Definition
| It is impossible to say from this information because sporangiospores are asexual rather than sexual spores. |
|
|
Term
| Funi acquire nutrients by secreting extracellular enzymes that break down dead organic matter so that they can take up the soluble nutrients. This makes fungi ecologically important |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Rheumatic fever is an autoimmune disease in which the immune is response is misdirected against heart muscle fibers because they resemble |
|
Definition
| a cell surface protein m protein in the beta hemolytic streptococci |
|
|
Term
| All of the following are steps in the process of phagocytosis EXCEPT |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| An autoimmune disease is one in which the immune system |
|
Definition
| loses the ability to distinguish self from non self |
|
|
Term
| Examples of mediator compounds released during inflammation include |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The normal microbial flora provides protection against invading microorganisms by |
|
Definition
| limiting nutrient availability, occupying attachment sites on host cell surfaces, synthesizing antimicrobial substances (ALL CORRECT) |
|
|
Term
| In the human body, phagocytic cells have specific receptor proteins on their surfaces that recognize and bind to pathogen associated molecular patterns on the microbial cell surfaces. One important class of these receptors is the |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Basophiles,neutrophils, and eosinophils all belong to a category of blood cells called |
|
Definition
| (leukocytes, granulocytes) TWO CORRECT |
|
|
Term
| Epithelial cells synthesize cationic antimicrobial peptides as a defense against microbial infection. In humans, these antimicrobial peptides include |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| An unrestrained inflammation response that can result in organ failure, loss of blood pressure due to excessive blood vessel leakage, and ultimately death is called |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The destruction of microorganisms by phagocytosis takes place |
|
Definition
| within the phagolysosome following engulfment by the phagocytic cell |
|
|
Term
| A family of soluble proteins is produced by human host cells in response to viral infections. These antiviral proteins are called |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| which one of the following is NOT a characteristic of adaptive immunity |
|
Definition
| immune response is always mediated by antibodies |
|
|
Term
| The enzyme nitrogenase is sensitive to |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Azospirillum protect its nitrogenase by possessing |
|
Definition
| branched electron transport chains |
|
|
Term
| Metagenomics permits analysis of bacterial populations from complex samples such as coastal sludge. This is very useful because |
|
Definition
| metagenomics only relies on DNA from the sample representative of population |
|
|
Term
| Function driven metagenomics analysis requires |
|
Definition
| assignment of metabolic potential of a sample of cells to carry out a particular task |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| permits assignment of relatedness among microbes within a sample |
|
|
Term
| The approximate number of microbes on the human body is |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Bacteroides species are often found associated with |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Changes in the human microbiome is increasingly associated with human medical problems. This phenomenon may be termed |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Pathogenesis may be differentiated from virulence in that |
|
Definition
| virulence is a quantative trait and pathogensis is not |
|
|
Term
| Endotoxin is released when |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Endotoxin is distinct from exotoxins in that |
|
Definition
| endotoxin is derived from a cellular structure |
|
|
Term
| Adherence is a vital step in disease. Some adherence factors are |
|
Definition
| proteins that permit binding of bacterial to host cell receptors, fimbriae, capsule material (ALL) |
|
|
Term
| The magnitude of toxin production can be positively correlated with the virulence potential of a pathogen T/F |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Fibrinolytic enzymes are examples of |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Sideophores are molecules secreted by bacteria that acquire a specific nutrient |
|
Definition
| sideophores are important in iron nutrition and are non-protein molecules |
|
|
Term
| Which of the following bacterial structures are important in phagocytic evasion |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| An A/B toxin is characterized by |
|
Definition
| having features to facilitate attachment and toxicity |
|
|
Term
| Biofilms are characterized as communities of microorganisms held together in a matrix of protein, dna and polysaccharide. T/F |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| An example of a bacterium that produces an A/B type toxin is |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Hallmarks of pathogenicity islands ar |
|
Definition
| clusters of genes involved in production of factors to infect and colonzie a host |
|
|
Term
| Toxic shock syndrome is caused by |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Diptheria toxin is produced by the genus |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Diptheria toxin targets host |
|
Definition
|
|
