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Definition
| allows the user to distinguish between two structures near each other in a specimen |
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Definition
| only light at certain angles hit the specimen, object appears as a bright spot against a dark background, reflect larger than they are |
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| Phase Contrast Microscope |
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Definition
| takes advantage of diffracted light from translucent objects to increase contrast between them and background, good for structures inside living specimens |
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Definition
| Invisible ultraviolet light is used to illuminate the object |
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Definition
| study structures too small to be resolved with the light microscope, use magnetic lenses instead of glass |
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| Transmission Electron Microscope |
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Definition
| used whein information regarding sub-cellular details is desired, shows slices of objects, one dimensional |
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| Scanning Electron Microscope |
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Definition
| used for visualization of surface structures, whole objects, 3D view |
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Definition
| function of the ocular and objective lens |
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Definition
| tryptease soy agar, general purpose medium that supports growth of many non picky bacteria, contains solidifying agent(agar) |
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Definition
| accomplished by an autoclave |
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Definition
| free of all life before use |
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Definition
| used for sterilizing heat resistant materials culture media, used pressurized steam to effect sterilization, increase in pressure raises boiling point that can kill microbes |
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Definition
| sterile non-heat resistant materials (plastics) |
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Definition
| avoid contamination, flame loops/needles disinfection of work area |
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| Purpose of Streaking on Agar |
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Definition
| dilute suspension of microorganisms, across surface of culture plate to obtain individual colonies of a single bacterial type |
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Definition
| species be separated from other organisms normally found in a habitat |
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Definition
| bacterial cell will replicate, producing thousands of identical cells, giving rise to a visible aggregation of growth |
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Definition
| diluting organisms so that individual can be selected from others |
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Definition
| adds contrast, uses a single dye to uniformly stain organisms, methylene blue readily binds to the negative charges on the bacterial cell surface |
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Definition
| distinguish between types |
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Definition
| thickness of bacterial cell wall using series of dyes/decolorizer |
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Definition
| thick cell walls, lots of peptidoglycan, stains purple |
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Definition
| thin cell walls, little peptidoglycan, stains red or pink |
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Term
| 4 stains to perform gram stain |
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Definition
| crystal violet,iodine solution,alcohol, safranin |
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Term
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Definition
| time period for cell population to double in size |
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Definition
| cells split into 2 identical cells |
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Term
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Definition
| cells are preparing to divide and adjusting to environment |
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Definition
| cells are dividing at a maximum rate, lasts as long as ample nutrients are available in the environment |
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Definition
| cells stop dividing, nutrients is limited, number of growing cells= dying cells |
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Definition
| cells begin to die, less viable cells |
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Definition
| counting number of cells in population with the aid of a counting chamber, some cells may be dead that you count |
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Definition
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| turbidimetric measurements |
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Definition
| measure amount of light scattered by the population, uses a spectrophotometric |
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Definition
| diluted to better quantify organisms in a sample |
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Definition
| group of sequential dilutions, so you can get a countable number (30-300) |
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Definition
| select for particular bacteria, screens for things that can grow there |
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Definition
| differentiate b/w 2 types of bacteria, turn it different colors (multiple kinds might be able to live) |
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Definition
| selects gram positive, differentiates s.aureus from other salts, color change of agar = fermentation, only gram + organisms can live |
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Definition
| selects for gram negative bacilli, so selective for gram negative organisms, contains medium that these organisms can use as an energy source, gram + die here |
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Definition
| the count of bacteria that requires you to take action |
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Definition
| chemical transformation of compounds using enzymes made my microorganisms |
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Definition
| heat below 100c to destroy non-resistant bacterial and yeasts in liquid (not intended to kill) |
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Definition
| specific strains of organisms (lactic acid for milk) |
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Definition
| solved in 1953 by James Watson and Francis Crick |
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Definition
| info is stored in DNA,DNA is transcribed into RNA, RNA is translated into a protein that cell needs to survive or complete a task |
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Definition
| piece of DNA that provides instructions for making a protein |
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Definition
| give cells particular traits |
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Definition
| applying biology in real world to produce beneficial products |
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Definition
| insertion of gene into organism in order to change organisms traits |
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Definition
| small circular piece of DNA, not in chromosome, bacteria can pass these back and forth, provides antibiotic resistance, this is how you create transgenes in bacteria |
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Definition
| insertion of gene into organism in order to change organisms traits |
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Definition
| found in jellyfish, protein causes it to glow in dark, placed in plasmids, only present in arabinose |
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Definition
| allows to bind, changes RNA polymerase, transcription, GFP are being transcribed |
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Term
| 2 bacterias that help to grow beer |
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Definition
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Definition
| sugary liquid helps in beer |
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