Term
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Definition
| the occurrence of something in different forms among the members of a population or colony, or in the life cycle of an individual organism |
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Term
- Pleiotropy
- Epistasis
- Linkage |
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Definition
| Factors affecting independence and F2 ratios |
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Term
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Definition
one locus affects more than one trait
eg White cat= WW or Ww
W allele also causes deafness |
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Term
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Definition
alleles at one locus affect the expression of alleles at a different locus
eg. coat colour in labs |
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Term
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Definition
| two or more loci are on the same chromosome |
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Term
| Hardy-Weinberg Equilibrium |
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Definition
| seen in a LARGE, RANDOM MATING population in the ABSENCE of MIGRATION, MUTATION, and SELECTION |
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Term
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Definition
| Do sex chromosomes have an equilibrium SIMILAR or DIFFERENT from Hardy-Weinberg? |
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Term
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Definition
In Birds, which of these sex chromosomes are male? Which are female?
ZW ZZ Z- |
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Term
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Definition
| phenotypes can only be observed in one sex |
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Term
| Sex Influenced Inheritance |
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Definition
heterozygotes express one phenotype in a certain sex and another in the other sex
eg. male pattern baldness: B1B2 = baldness in male, but normal for females |
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Term
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Definition
| genes that are only expressed if they are inherited from one parent or the other |
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Term
- Migration
- Selection
- in the very long term -> Mutation |
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Definition
| Things that change allele frequency: |
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Term
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Definition
| What changes when allele frequencies change? |
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Term
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Definition
| the movement of alleles from one population to another |
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Term
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Definition
| the process that determines which individuals become the parents in the next generation |
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Term
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Definition
| Bottlenecks, evolution, extinction, and environmental factors are examples of what kind of selection? |
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Term
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Definition
| an incidence that has caused the population to shrink significantly, after this major population drop, the population either adapts and recovers |
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Term
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Definition
| humans deciding for plants and animals, and goal oriented reasons (eg. appearance or productivity) are examples of what kind of selection? |
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Term
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Definition
| these traits are controlled by one or a few loci and have discrete phenotypes (eg. eye colour) |
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Term
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Definition
| these traits are controlled by multiple loci and usually have continuous phenotypes (height, weight) |
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Term
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Definition
| another name for a trait controlled by multiple loci |
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Term
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Definition
| a measure of how much variability there is within a population for a certain trait |
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Term
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Definition
| Variability in the phenotype comes from: |
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Term
| Heritability is high & the parents and progeny have more similar phenotypes |
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Definition
| If a trait has a strong genetic influence from parents, then heritability is: |
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Term
| Heritability is low & the parents and progeny may differ more |
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Definition
| if a trait has a weak genetic influence from parents, then heritability is: |
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Term
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Definition
height, weight, and growth are heritability traits that are
(High/Medium/Low) |
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Term
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Definition
milk production, some behaviours, and racing speed are heritability traits that are
(High/Medium/Low) |
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Term
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Definition
health, fitness, and reproduction are heritability traits that are
(High/Medium/Low) |
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Term
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Definition
| a reaction to stimuli, external or internal, that can alter an organism's response to its environment |
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Term
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Definition
| much of the study of behaviour in genetics focuses on the development, structure, and function of what? |
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Term
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Definition
| the movement toward or away from gravity |
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Term
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Definition
| these things make it possible to measure changes in hundreds or thousands of genes in a single experiment |
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Term
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Definition
| The movement of an impulse in the nervous system down a neuron is powered by: |
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Term
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Definition
| inherited as an autosomal dominant disease that affects the development, structure, or function of the brain |
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Term
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Definition
| Approximately how many years after onset of does one succumb to Huntington's disease |
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Term
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Definition
You would expect a person with an autosomal dominant disease to be:
(Heterozygous/Homozygous) |
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Term
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Definition
| There is a large impact of pleiotropy and epigenetic effects on this disease |
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Term
| They are affected by 100s of genes |
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Definition
| Are autism and schizophrenia affected by one major gene? or 100s of genes |
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Term
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Definition
| When one sees deletions in copy number variations the person with a disease (either autism or schizophrenia) is more likely to have: |
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Term
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Definition
| When one sees duplications in copy number variations the person with a disease (either autism or schizophrenia) is more likely to have: |
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Term
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Definition
| a group of individuals with a common set of genes that lives in the same geographic area and actively, or potentially interbreeds |
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Term
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Definition
| Most populations contain an increased degree of (heterozygosity/homozygosity) |
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Term
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Definition
| The removal of undesirable traits and breeding for desired ones |
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Term
| mutation and genetic drift |
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Definition
| some major genetic variation is expected simply as a result of |
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Term
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Definition
ants and bees having specific tasks in their colonies for who can carry each of the tasks accordingly
this is an example of |
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Term
- Directional
- Stabilizing
- Disruptive |
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Definition
| the three different types of selection for complex traits are: |
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Term
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Definition
in this type of selection, phenotypes at one of the spectrum get selected for or against, usually as a result of changes in the environment
eg. beak size in finches increased during dry years |
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Term
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Definition
| in this type of selection, intermediate types are favoured and both extreme phenotypes are selected against |
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Term
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Definition
| in this type of selection, both phenotypic extremes are selected for, and the intermediates are selected against |
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Term
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Definition
mutation is the only process that creates new alleles in a gene pool
TRUE or FALSE |
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Term
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Definition
mutation by itself plays a highly significant role in changing allele frequencies
TRUE of FALSE |
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Term
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Definition
| This occurs when the number of reproducing individuals in a population is too small to ensure that all the alleles in the gene pool will be passed to the next generation in their existing frequencies |
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Term
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Definition
A large population consists of 100 or more individuals
TRUE or FALSE |
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Term
| Founder Effect (a type of Genetic Drift) |
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Definition
| This occurs when a population originates from a small number of individuals whose gene pool may not reflect that of the larger population from which the founders are drawn |
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Term
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Definition
Genetic drift can arise from population bottleneck
TRUE or FALSE |
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Term
FALSE
it only changes the genotype frequency |
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Definition
Non-random mating changes genotype frequency and allele frequency
TRUE or FALSE |
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Term
| Positive Assortive Mating (form of non-random mating) |
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Definition
similar genotypes are most likely to mate than dissimilar ones
eg. Humans tend to be attracted to others who look like themselves |
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Term
| Negative Assortive Mating (form of non-random mating) |
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Definition
dissimilar genotypes are more likely to mate than similar ones
eg. a cow with bad feet and legs will be mated to a bull with good feet and legs |
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Term
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Definition
| mating among closely related individuals |
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Term
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Definition
| this increases the proportion of homozygotes in a population |
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Term
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Definition
| A group of actually or potentially interbreeding organisms that is reproductively isolated in nature from all other such groups |
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Term
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Definition
| the formation of a new species |
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Term
| Reproductive Isolating Mechanisms |
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Definition
| the biological barriers that prevent or reduce interbreeding between populations |
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Term
- Prezygotic Isolating Mechanisms
- Postzygotic Isolating Mechanisms |
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Definition
| What are the two types of reproductive isolating mechanisms |
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Term
| Prezygotic Isolating Mechanisms |
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Definition
| This reproductive isolating mechanism prevents mating from taking place, gametes most likely won't ever meet |
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Term
| Postzygotic Isolating Mechanisms |
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Definition
| This reproductive isolating mechanism creates a non viable zygote, either resulting in weakness, sterility, or both |
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Term
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Definition
| the evolutionary history of a species |
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Term
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Definition
Neanderthals and modern humans coexisted
TRUE or FALSE |
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Term
FALSE
we have a common ancestor but Neanderthals were a separate hominid line |
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Definition
Neanderthals are of the same hominid as modern humans
TRUE or FALSE |
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Term
- Deliberate hunting and harvesting
- Habitat destruction
- Accidental or deliberate introduction of invasive species
- Climate change |
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Definition
| Humans are accelerating the rate of species extinction, directly or indirectly due to: |
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Term
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Definition
| looks to maintaining and restoring population viability |
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Term
- Interspecific diversity
- Intraspecific diversity |
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Definition
| Genetic biodiversity can be split into two levels: |
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Term
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Definition
| the number of different species, this varies in diverse ecosystems |
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Term
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Definition
| the diversity within a species |
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Term
- Intrapopulation diversity
- Interpopulation diversity |
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Definition
| the two types of intraspecific diversity are: |
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Term
| Intrapopulation diversity |
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Definition
| genetic variation occuring in individuals within a single population |
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Term
| Interpopulation diversity |
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Definition
| variation occurring between different populations of the same species |
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Term
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Definition
| species that are naturally small in numbers, especially those who survive in unusual habitats |
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Term
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Definition
| species whose numbers decline due to some sort of pressure |
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Term
- Genetic Drift
- Inbreeding
- Gene Flow |
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Definition
| Small population (<100) can quickly become vulnerable to factors that increase the risk of extinction, these factors include: |
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Term
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Definition
| this occurs by dispersal of gametes or by migration and is an important mechanism for introducing new alleles to a gene pool and increasing genetic variation |
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Term
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Definition
| What is the main route for gene flow in animals? |
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Term
| Cross-pollination and seed dispersal |
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Definition
| How does gene flow occur in plants? |
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