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| microbes=infectious disease |
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| Fungi, Algea, Protozoa, slime molds/water molds |
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| unicellular, multi celular. yeasts, mushrooms |
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| unicellular or multicellular, some are macroscopic |
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| unicellular or multicellular (most) |
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| made first observations of microorganisms, used microscope to describe cork tissue, described cells as basic unit of organization of living things |
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| ground lenses for primitive microscopes. animalcules. made detailed drawings and sent to royal society of london |
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| living things form from inanimate matter-- maggots from rotting meat. mice from grain and wet cloth |
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| maggots forming without cover |
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| fermentation. disproved spontaneous generation. experiment 2 with meat broth and swan neck flask |
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| microbes are responsible for infectious disease |
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| prove microbes cause diease. anthrax |
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| take the microbe pure put it in a rat and compare it to. 1) SAME SYMPTOMS, 2)ISOLATE 3)INFECT HEALTHY "INNOCULATE" 4)ISOLATE AND COMPARE |
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| DNA is the molecule of heredity. used E.coli and labeled DNA and protein. showed that DNA was transferred |
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| genes->transcription->translation->protein->enzymes for metabolism, structural proteins->visible features |
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| all the chemical reactions taking place in a cell |
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| synthesis of complex molecules from similar components. REQUIRES ENERGY |
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| breakdown of complex molecules into similar components RELEASES ENERGY |
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| ATP- universal energy currency. stores energy for cell in a usable form. driving force of all reactions |
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| building energy with light. performed by phototrophs must have light absorbing pigments. ANABOLIC PROCESS |
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| energizes electron, chlorophyll->pigments. 2 ATP |
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| CO2 trapped by energy from ATP makes glucose through carbon fixation that can be converted into other organic compounds |
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| how non photrophs get energy. catabolic process- breakdown of glucose. 2atp->4 atp. net tap=2 |
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| krebs cycle and electron transport chain. 2+ 36 ATP h20 and co2 requires air. performed by aerobes. |
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| does not require air. performed by anaerobes. end result: 2=) atpvariety of acids and alcohols and co2 no ATP. lactic acid, ethanol, |
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| can use either respiration or fermentation |
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| chemical, rely on breakdown of chemical compounds for energy. organic compounds |
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| get cargo fro preformed organic compounds |
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| get carbon from carbon fixation. in organic compounds. must be converted into organic compounds |
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| most bacteria, fungi, protozoa hum as and animals. |
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| very few bacteria. purple sulfur rhodospirillum |
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| rock eater. lives in soil and water. nitro baxter |
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| algae some bacteria and plants. ex. cyanoticterium |
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| carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, nucleic acids |
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| carbon, hydrogen, oxygen. energy sources for cell. monosaccharides: glucose fruits, disaccharides: lactose, sucrose, maltose. polysaccharides: starch, cellulose |
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| contains carbon, hydrogen, oxygen. insoluble in water. storage molecules. fats, phospholipids, steroids proteins 20 different amino acids, peptide bonds link amino acids together. enzyme speed up reactions in cell. ase suffix |
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| stores genetic information in chemical code. composed of nucleotides. base and sugar. ribonucleic acid RNA deoxyribonucleic acid DNA |
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| t-a g-c in RNA u replaces t. |
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| replication, transcription dna code--> RNA. translation- RNA to proteins |
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| DNA is replicated to produce an exact copy. 2 new strands of DNA. 2 complete copies. DNA polymerase breaks the bonds. pol of nucleotides make a complementary strand |
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| DNA is made into RNA. to convert information to direct metabolism. RNA is a disposable copy of instructions. original DNA is unchanged. single strand RNA made. hydrogen bonds broken by RNA complementary RNA strand formed |
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| mRNA- messenger. info to amino acids in protein. single stranded piece of RNA from transcription. rRna(ribosomal) forms body of ribosome. workbench for translation. tRNA- carries appropriate amino acid to ribosome. |
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| information stored as mRNA used to build protein. protein production by linking amino acids together. . results in a peptide chain |
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| chemical change in cells DNA. |
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| factors that can cause mutations in DNA- UV radiation, environmental or industrial chemicals. drugs. certain viruses |
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| science of classification, uses established rules, organisms are classified by relatedness. |
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| small 70s ribosome smaller 1/10 size. simple, asexual, bacteria, archaea, generally has cell wall |
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| large 80s ribosome, bound to ER, true nucleus, larger, complex, sexual and asexual, fungi, protozoa, algea, some have cell wall |
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| protein making structure. made of RNA and protein. different sizes, pro small- 70s free in cytoplasm. eu-large 80s bound to ER |
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| barrier between inside and outside environment. regulates what enters or leaves the cell. communicates with external environment |
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| matrix of cell. gel like liquid. provides a fluid medium for structures within the cell |
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| chemical form of information storage |
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| PROKARYOTES- singular, circular chromosome. eukaryotes-linear chromosomes |
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| both may or may not have flagella. whip like structures used for movement |
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| little organs. all have true membrane- lipid bound. EUKARYOTES ONLY |
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| EU only- contains a lot of membrane surface. generates energy for cell |
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| only in eukaryotes. site of photosynthesis |
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| groupings-taxons. domain, kingdom, phylum, class, order, family, genus, species. DARING KING PHILIP CAME OVER FOR GOOD SEX. |
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| organisms that can interbred. have common gene. |
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| differ by one characteristic |
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| genus, species. underlined or in italic. genus, species, strain |
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| protein and nucleic acid. intracellular paracite. needs a host cell to reproduce. very small! nanometers! |
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| helical- tightly wound coil, icosahedral- geometric figure with 20 equal sides, complex- combination or has additional structures |
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| attachment. virus binds to host cell and uses receptor cites on host cells. penetration, injection of viral genome into host cell, protein capcid remains outside the host cell. OR uncoating where the virus enters the host cell and the protein capcid is removed from the viral genome. SYNTHESIS. VIRAL COMPOTENTS ARE MADE USING HOST CELL MACHINERY. assembly- virus pieces assembled step by step fashion. release. cell lyses, new viruses are released. results in hundred of viruses produced. infected cell dies. |
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| attachment, penetration/uncoating, provirus/prophage develops. incorporation of viral genes into host DNA. prophage and provirus is replicated within host cell and host cell divides.three possible results. DNA remains in cell indef. provirus excises due to stress. lysogenic cycle predominates of lytic cycle. virus produced slowly cell survives for a long time. |
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| properties of cancerous cells |
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Definition
| grow and divide more frequently. stick to ether less firmly undergo dedifferentiation |
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| normal genes that regulate growth. can be converted into oncogegenes by some viruses. |
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| genes that transform cells into cancerous cells |
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| circular molecule of single stranded RNA. infect plants only. no protein |
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| composed of protein only. no nucleic acid. infects central nervous system of humans and animals. altered form of host proteins. ex mad cow. |
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| ester linkage, peptioglycan cell wall, 10x bacteria, found in lots of environments, most are CHEMOHETEROTROPHS. 12 phyla, thousands of species only 1% cultured |
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| ether linkage, pseudomurein cell wall, 1/10 size of bacteria, isolated from extreme environments, found in lots, chemical breakdown!! does not contain peptoglycan. two phyla, only 100 have been described. many more to discover |
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| in prokaryote cell wall. very simple. MANY LAYERS OF PEPTOGLYCAN AND TEICHOIC ACID |
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| in prokaryote cell wall Complex, very thin. outer membrane. LPS lipopolysaccharide |
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| prokaryote without cell wall. bacteria. intracellular paracites |
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| archaea- special cell membrane for extra strength. live in high temperature/artic |
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| rod shaped. can form long chains |
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| coccus- dip-pair strep0chain, tetrad-group of four staph-cluster. dots! |
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| helical, rigid, all motile |
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| outlet most layer. can be tightly bound to cell or slimy and flowing. allows bacteria to cause disease by helping for attachment |
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| hollow ridged tubes that rotate, use for movement and motility |
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| small hollow rigid tubes. attach to host tissues |
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| extrachromosomal piece of dNA. non essential gene. replicate indepen of genome. internal cell |
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| most resistance biological structure. resisting structure. forms only when conditions are unfavorable |
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| primitive eukaryotic cells defended from prokaryotic. primitive eukaryotic engulfed prokaryotes and symbiosis egan. |
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| mitochondria may have been |
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| an early bacteria chloroplast may have been early cyanobacteria. mitochondria and chloro contain DNA, eukary contain bac. genes, mitochondria and chloro, contain own ribosomes. molecular phylogeny. |
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