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Matter
matter
45
Chemistry
10th Grade
02/06/2011

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Term
3 things about the kinetic theory of matter?
Definition
a. Assumes that all the particles in a substance are in constant motion
b. State of matter is determined by amount of motion and spacing between particles
c. Temperature is the measure of the average kinetic energy in a substance
Term
what is temperature?
Definition
the measure of the average kinetic energy in a substance
Term
Compare the three common states of matter in terms of the kinetic theory.
Definition
a. Solid: particles are closely packed and vibrating slightly
b. Liquid: particles are further apart than solids; slip and slide around
c. Gas: particles are very far apart and zip around
Term
diffusion and effusion.
Definition
a. Diffusion: the movement of particles from areas of high concentration to low concentration. Effusion: diffusion of a gas out of its container
Term
what is gas pressure?
Definition
a force per unit area exerted by the collision of gas particles against the side of its container
Term
Graham's Law of Effusion equation
Definition
rate A/rate B = square root MB / square root MA
Term
mm Hg
Definition
Torricelli measured the height of a column of mercury that was in equilibrium with gravity. 760 mm Hg
Term
Dalton's law of partial pressures
Definition
a. The total pressure of a mixture of gases is equal to the sum of the partial pressures of each gas.
Term
Torr
Definition
same as mm Hg
760 torr
Term
Kilopascal (KPa)
Definition
SI unit for pressure
101.3 kPa
Term
atmospheres
Definition
standard pressure. 1 atm
Term
mm Hg: torr: Kpa: atm
Definition
760: 760: 101.3: 1
Term
STP
Definition
standard temperature and pressure.
set of environmental conditions by which we can compare gases.
0 degrees C, 1 atm.
(273 K and 101.3 kPa)
Term
London dispersion forces
Definition
force of attraction created by the collision of two molecules which induces a dipole. weakest force.
Term
dipole-dipole forces
Definition
when 2 polar molecules are attracted to each other
Term
hydrogen bonding
Definition
same as dipole-dipole, but one of the atoms is Hydrogen
Term
fluidity
Definition
ability to flow. also applies to gases
Term
viscosity
Definition
resistance to flow. inversely proportional to temperature
Term
density
Definition
much higher than gases. much less compressible.
Term
surface tension
Definition
attraction of particles toward the center of a liquid
Term
surfactant
Definition
substance that disrupts surface tension
Term
capillarity
Definition
tendency for a liquid to stick to the sides of its container
Term
density of solids is ______________ than liquids
Definition
much denser
Term
Crystalline solids
Definition
particles are arranged in a repeating geometric pattern
Term
unit cell
Definition
simplest unit of the crystalline solid
Term
cubic
Definition
all sides equal, all angles 90
Term
tetragonal
Definition
2 sides equal, all angles 90
Term
orthorhombic
Definition
no sides equal, all angles 90
Term
rhombohedral
Definition
all sides equal, all angles equal, no angles 90
Term
lattice
Definition
multiple unit cells together
Term
amorphous solids
Definition
particles arranged randomly. aka supercooled liquids because they exhibit flow.
Term
freezing
Definition
removal of all energy from liquid causes the particles to slow down and get closer. freezing pt water: 0
Term
melting
Definition
increase in energy causes particles to move faster and spread apart. melting pt water: 0
Term
molar heat of fusion
Definition
amount of energy needed to convert 1 mol from liquid to solid (or vice versa) at its melting/freezing point
Term
vaporization
Definition
transition from liquid to gas
Term
evaporation
Definition
molecules on the surface of the liquid gain enough energy to break off from the rest of the liquid. can happen at room temperature
Term
boiling
Definition
vapor pressure of the liquid must exceed the atmospheric pressure. boiling pt water: 100
Term
condensation
Definition
transition from gas to liquid. condensation pt: 100
Term
molar heat of vaporization
Definition
the amount of energy needed to convert 1 mol of any liquid to a gas at its boiling temperature. applies to vaporization and condensation
Term
sublimation
Definition
transition from solid to gas
Term
deposition
Definition
gas to solid without going through liquid
Term
triple point
Definition
temperature and pressure at which all three states of matter are in equilibrium
Term
critical point
Definition
critical temperature and pressure of a substance
Term
critical temperature
Definition
temperature beyond which no amount of pressure can force a gas back into a liquid
Term
critical pressure
Definition
when a substance is at its critical temperature, it is the minimum amount of pressure needed to make it a liquid
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