Term
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Definition
law that specifies in detail how land within a municipality may be used;
governs the types of activities that may take place on given piece of land, how much of the land may be covered by the building, how far buildings must be set back from adjacent property lines, amount of parking spaces,how tall the building may be |
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Definition
| set of regulations intended to ensure a minimum standard of health and safety in buildings |
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Definition
| code that is offered by a recognized national org. as a worthy adoption by state or local governments |
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Term
| international building code |
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Definition
(IBC) Predominant US building code Mar 2000 unified code
occupancy group: a definition of the types of activities that occur within the building or part of the building relating to the considerations of life safety
A1-A5 - Assembly: theaters, restaurants, nightclub
B - Business: banks, higher education facility, post
E - Educational: schools K-12 and Day Care
F1 and 2 - Industrial Processes: mod. flamibility
H1-H5 - High Hazard: toxic, corrosive, highly flam.
M - Mercantile: stores, markets, retail
R - Residential: apartment buildings, dorms
U - Utility: Agriculture buildings, greenhouse, shed |
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Term
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Definition
| comprehensive outline for organizing information about construction materials and systems developed by CSI and its Canadian Counterpart |
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Definition
| in IBC, any of the five major systems of building construction that are differentiated by their relative resistance to fire |
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Definition
| The time in hours or fractions of an hour that a material or assembly will resist fore exposure as determined by astm e119 Type I is most resistive, Type V is least |
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Term
| non-bearing wall or partition |
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Definition
| interior wall that does not carry any load |
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Term
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Definition
| interior wall that carries weight, usually exterior walls or central walls |
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Term
| Americans with Disabiliies Act |
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Definition
| ADA - makes accessibility to public buildings a civil right to all americans |
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Term
| sustainability or sustainable design |
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Definition
| meeting the needs of the present generation without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their needs. much be addressed on a life-cycle basis, from the origins of the materials for a building through the manufacture and installation of materials and their useful lifetime in the building, to their eventual disposal after the end of a building's life |
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Term
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Definition
dead load: sum of weights from frame, mechanical and elect systems, and the foundation itself
live loads: nonpermanent loads from occupants, furniture, ice and snow
seismic loads - horiz and vert forces from earthquake
buoyant uplift: forces from underground water
horizontal thrust: long span structural systems such as arches, rigid frames, domes, tensile struct |
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Term
| differential and uniform settlement |
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Definition
settlement of soil at either a similar rate throughout or differing rates between portions
most foundation failures are attributable to excessive differential settlement |
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Term
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Definition
Coarse Grained: Gravel and Sand
Fine-Grained: Silt
Highly Organic: Peat and Clay |
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Term
| Properties of Soil - Shear Resistance |
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Definition
Cohesionless or Frictional: Silt, Gravel, Sand
Cohesive: Clay |
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Term
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Definition
angle of repose: steep for cohesive, shallow for frictional
Slope support - Shoring: soldier beams, lagging (wooden planks), and sheet piling (wood, steel, precast and sitecast concrete), shotcrete, slurry wall.
Slurry wall: performed usually if will become part of buildings foundation. made of bentonite clay and water for sitecast, added portland cement for precast |
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Term
| Excavation Support - Bracing |
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Definition
Crosslot Bracing - walers used with columns to brace
Rakers - instead of walers, used instead of crosslot because span is too wide. angled into ground against heel blocks or other footings
tiebacks: holes drilled into sheeting and soil, steel piping inserted into hole and grouted to hold in place, then tensioned and anchored to waler. |
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Term
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Definition
| extraction of water from the excavation surrounding soil. Sumps: low points or pits in excavation |
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Term
| A Building in Three Parts |
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Definition
Superstructure: portion that is above ground
Substructure: portion habitable below ground
foundation: part that transfers loads into ground |
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Term
| Shallow and Deep Foundations |
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Definition
Shallow: Transfer weight through base of a column or wall of substructure.
Deep: Piles or Caissons penetrate through weaker soils to reach bearing soil or bedrock to support |
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Term
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Definition
wall and column footings are placed on soil or engineered fill.
engineered fill -lab tested soil for uniform settlement
slab on grade, crawlspace, and basement
mat foundation - pouring of concrete - heavily reinforced. for low bearing soil types.
floating foundation - where weight of soil removed is equal to weigh of building above. |
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Term
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Definition
Caissons or Drilled Piers: drilled holes to a necessary depth then filled with concrete. 18in-8ft in diameter
piles: forcibly driven instead of drilled and poured
non cohesive soils subsurface water, excessive depth of bearing strata is impractical to caissons
can be made of timber site- and precast concrete, or steel |
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Term
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Definition
holds soil back to create an abrupt change in elevation
overturning, sliding, undermining |
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Term
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Definition
flexible fabrics made of chemically inert plastics that are highly resistant to deterioration in the soil.
used in soil reinforcemnet, drainage matting, maintain free passage of water underneath roof terraces, bottom of planters boxes. |
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Term
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Definition
letting wood dry to moisture content of 19 percent
framing lumber is seasoned to 15 percent
carpentry and architectural wood work is 5-11%
seasoned lumber is stronger, stiffer, and more dimensionally stable than unseasoned lumber
dried by either kiln drying or air drying; kiln is more popular because it's faster and produces more uniform quality and shape, but is more costly
seasoning distortions: cup, bow, crook, twist
it is better for wood to shrink tangentially, not radially |
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Term
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Definition
Boards: less than 2in nominal thickness
Dimension Lumber: 2-4in nominal thickness
Timbers: 5in in nominal thickness or more
actual dimension
0-1 is -1/4
5/4in is 1
2-6in is -1/2
8-12in is -3/4
greater than 12 is 3/4 off |
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Term
| Glue Laminated Wood - Glulams |
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Definition
strips of wood glued together to form large structural members. to create shapes not found naturally, any size, quality can be closely controlled and specified
glulams are joined at end joints with glue either in scarf joint or finger joint. |
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Term
| Structural Composite Lumber |
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Definition
Also called engineered lumber, substitues for solid lumber.
Laminated Strand Lumber
Oriented Strand Lumber
Laminated Veneer Lumber
Parallel Strand Lumber |
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Term
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Definition
composite panels - two parallel face veneers bonded to wood wood fiber core
nonveneered panels: oriented strand board osb, waferboard, particleboard, fiberboard (mdf)
plywood: heatsoaked wood is rotary sliced into strips, glued together and sanded |
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Term
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Definition
A - smooth and paintable,
B - Solid Surface, minor splits ok
C plugged - some broken grade - good for low cost floor beneath carpet
C - backside of a sheathing panel
D - Utilitarian use to temporarily board up a space |
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Term
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Definition
| first number is permitted spacing of rafters, second number is spacing of floor joists. second number is usually smaller because it has to support added weight of people and furniture. |
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Term
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Definition
Common Nail - good for attaching framing
Box Nail - attaching wood shingles
Finish Nail - good for attaching interior trim
Deformed Shank Nail - attaching gypsum wallboard
Roofing Nail - asphalt shingles
Cut Nail - good for hardwood flooring |
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Term
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Definition
spiral threaded fasteners
Wood Screw - require predrilled pilot holes and tightened with a screwdriver
Lag Screw - used in heavy structural connections, have a hex or square head and are tightened with a wrench
Drywall Screws - not for anything else except drywall, slender and brittle |
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Term
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Definition
| made up of lime, portland cement, aggregate, and water |
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Term
| Different Types of Bonding for Brick |
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Definition
| Running Bond, Flemish Bond, Common Bond, English Bond |
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Term
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Definition
normal thickness is 1/4 inch
vee joint and concave joint are best outside
raked and stripped joint are best for indoors |
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Term
| Weathering and Sealing of Joints |
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Definition
spall - flaking of mortar from freeze-thaw cycles
tuckpointing - raking and cutting out defective mortar and replacing it with fresh material
reglet - horizontal cut in concrete backing wall of masonry wythe that receives flashing
parge - plastering of masonry to fill cracks and pores |
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Term
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Definition
expansion joints: allows large sections of a structure to move independently
contol joint: deliberate lines of weakness along where cracking will occur to relieve stress that will produce random cracks
construction joint: horiz or vert joint between two successive concrete pours
isolation joint: allow movement between slab and fixed parts of a building |
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Term
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Definition
N - general purpose, good bonding and workable, best used for exterior or veneers, chimneys and parapets, interior loadbearing, exterior nonloadbear
S - Stronger Bond than N, good for exterior reinforced masonry, exterior loadbearing walls, high wind forces
O - low strenght for interior nonloadbearing and historic restoration
M - high strength with less workability than N and S. better for below grade, high lateral and compr. loads, severe frost |
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